Wal-Mart Seafood Supply Chain Case Study

Coursework Header Sheet186714-156 | | Course| BUSI1150: E-Log & Int Sup Chain Mgt 15c| Course School/Level| BU/PG| Coursework| Research Report| Assessment Weight| 70. 00%| Tutor| Y Lin| Submission Deadline| 30/03/2012| Coursework is receipted on the understanding that it is the student's own work and that it has not, in whole or part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged in accordance with the University's Regulations regarding Cheating and Plagiarism. | 00714534  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shabbir Bhanpurawala   Tutor's comments | Grade Awarded___________| For Office Use Only__________| Final Grade_________| Moderation required:  yes/no| Tutor______________________| Date _______________| How should Wal-Mart rationalize its seafood supply chain to reduce costs and promote sustainability? In? depth analysis on the case ‘Wal-Mart’s sustainabi lity strategy (C): Inventory management in the seafood supply chain’. And to analyze ‘How should Walmart rationalize its seafood supply chain to reduce costs and promote sustainability? ’ 1. IntroductionAccording to (Anon, 2012) Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is an U. S based multinational retailer that runs chain of large discounted departmental stores ; warehouse store and was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and it was labeled Walmart in 2000. It’s headquarter is located in Bentonville, Arkansas. In the former year (2011) it generated revenue of US$ 421. 849 billion. It has around 8500 stores in 15 countries, under 55 different names. It operates as Walmex in Mexico, Asda in United Kingdom, Seiyu in Japan, Sam’s Club in North America, Walmart itself in U. S. A ; in India as Best Price.Walmart is also the world’s largest private employer with above 2 million employees ; also the biggest retailer in the whole world. Walmart had also to face severe compet ition from its rivals in numerous parts of the world. Sea-food is a key aspect of Walmart. As it is a largest sea-food retailer in whole world, the company is facing certain drawbacks ; challenges of cultivating sea-food sustainability at a low cost. There is an upward trend on the demand of sea-food which is 5 times more than during the last five decades. This resulted into fishing of three quarters of the world fisheries at sustainable limits or crossing the limits.Walmart is also working with Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Conservation International (CI) for producing sustainable sea-food. All these organizations as a one are trying to motivate the sea-food suppliers to build again the stocks, promote plants that bind together fishery management practices and encourage reducing impact on the nature to support the ecosystem as well. The main aim ; objective of this report on Walmart sea-food supply chain is that how Walmart should rationalize its v alue chain to reduce cost and promote sustainability 2. Challenges of Wal-Mart’s supply chainAccording to (Denend, 2010) Wal-Mart’s income was around $750 million annually in sea food during 2007. Though in 1900 the output of world fisheries decreased to three per cent, Wal-Mart’s sea-food business was booming at approximately 25% every year as a result the continuous supply was alone the biggest challenge faced by the sea-food network. One of the challenges for the company to sustain strategy was to get its suppliers to take up the Marine Stewardship Council’s certification program because then by end of 2011 the company would be able to sell 100 percent MSC certified wild caught sea-food.Also, to achieve the goal of selling only MSC certified wild fish; Walmart will have to increase the number of fisheries ; supplying plants through its suppliers as a result it will become more complex, time consuming ; increase more efforts without increasing the profi ts. According to (Chilcote, 2012) there is a huge problem with the wild pacific salmon as the population is decreasing day-by-day from past 100 years ; trillions of dollars are being spent to stop the decrease.Nonetheless, wild pacific salmon are fished near the shore or the ocean between May and September because they spawn in their river habitats during these months. The other challenge was that wild pacific salmon were depleting and protecting them was a great challenge as it was indirectly posing a threat to Walmart and its sea food supply chain. According to (Denend, 2010) major challenge was that commercial fishing of wild salmon was only permitted to the people who had permits that also for a limited period of time or season.Also, the duration of this season fluctuated each year so that the wild pacific salmon of each type would be protected and they would return back to spawn in the river habitats. As a result, Walmart would not have sufficient amount of stock for wild pacif ic salmon and was posing a threat to its supply chain ; the duration of fishing was volatile because if salmon would come back in greater quantity then the fishing season would continue for an extended period of time; if they would go back then the season would shut down earlier, so the quantity and availability was not fixed in nature and this was also among the few ossible challenging reason for Walmart. There are numerous other factors present which would increase the cost price of Wal-Mart’s supply chain either directly or indirectly which are also the major challenges for Wal-Mart’s sea-food supply chain. Like, The Fishin’ Company was a major supplier of frozen fish fillets in U. S. A to Walmart and this company used to buy directly from the commercial fisherman where the market had a great fluctuation in prices i. e. pproximately 30% in between the season, also the trading would suddenly stop without a prior notice due to early shut down of the season. Thi s scenario would cause an impact on the average prices which was approximately one dollar per lbs. of chum or pink salmon both gutted ; headed. Then the Fishin’ Company would export the fish to China for packing in containers that would cost around 15 cents per lbs. In next stage the containers are sent for packaging, forwarding, labeling ; re-freezing which adds upto more 15 U.S cents per lbs. in that case also only half of the fish is usable for fillets and rest is abandon. The other stages involved frozen storage facility that was 1 cent per lbs. , then handling ; holding fee altogether cost $0. 6 per lbs. per month and the last fee which incurred 15 U. S cents was for transportation. So in totality it would cost Walmart $2. 05 per pound and plus other expenses for shipping the fish to its super centers.As a result it was adding up to the cost price which was not only a challenge in Wal-Mart’s supply chain but also it posed as a threat from its competitors. Accordin g to (Denend, 2010) there could be another way to process the fish and that was in Alaska but it also had certain drawbacks like the labor cost was pretty expensive as compared to China and also similar processor was used for various distinct types of fish coming from various nations that also on different time throughout the year. This would again increase the cost price which was indeed a big challenge.The other challenges that sea food supplier face in context with sustainable sea-food ccommitments are that â€Å"customers are not willing to pay for the increased costs associated with a more sustainable product and the inability to calculate a return on the investment made in implementation can restrict resources and can challenge support for the policy internally† (Rogers, 2011). One more problem related to this quote is that due to scattered ; lengthy supply chain, verifying and controlling is a hard task because certain situations like power are not in avor as well as t he relationship with the suppliers are delicate. This set-back was a direct challenge to the Wal-Mart’s supply chain. Also the price of MSC certified fish was 20% more than that of non-certified fish of the same category. However, it was next to impossible for Walmart to charge an extra amount of money because their consumers did not understand the value of MSC Eco label. (Plambeck ; Denend, 2011) According to (Owens, 2008) the main challenge or threat for the Walmarts sea food supply chain was over-fishing.As we know that fish is a natural food resource, it is still being hunted on an international scale as a result there is scarcity of the stock. On the other the farmed fish are of inferior qualtiy as compared to wild fish. The consequences of over fishing are drastic. From the expert source it is concluded that as of 2003, Twenty nine percent of open sea fisheries are depleting ; furthermore if the practises still continues then it is predicted that there will be a world w ide collapse of mairne fisheries by 2050.Moreover the United Nations Food ; Agriculture Organization has stated that Fifty-two percent of the global stock of fish are being exploited to the maximum; where twenty four percent are over exploited, diminishing or recovering, twenty one percent are exploited on a medium scale whereas; only three percent of the total population are under exploited. This statistics will create a direct effect on Walmart and its share holders as well.The above mentioned ideas, attributes ; statistics are major source for challenges to the Walmarts sea-food supply chain. These are causing a threat to Walmarts sea-food supplu chain, its consumers, stakeholders, sea-food suppliers and also to the environment. 3. Recommendations For all the challenges ; the drawbacks mentioned in the case study, there are certain solutions in which Walmart can rationalize its sea-food supply chain to reduce cost ; promote sustainability.According to (Walmart, 2008) they have st arted carrying MSC certified Chilean Sea Bass across three hundred stores worldwide in 2007 ; are also working together to make sure that all of its wild caught frozen fish are MSC certified which meets the independent environmental standards as a result it will promote sustainability. Walmart, apart from certifying products they are also working with Conservation International ; other such organizations to research in Marine Protected Areas that is helpful in preserving wildlife fish.One of the recommendations to Walmarts sea-food supply chain to reduce cost can be that it can provide incentives ; bonuses to the fisherman and also to the fish boat operators based on the maximum amount of salmon they could catch as fast as possible during the peak time of the season and till the season ends. As a result it will boost the fish mongers for the incentives ; create competition amongst them and directly there will be enough supply of sea-food to the Walmart and can easily cut down the co st price when there is abundant stock of wild fish (Denend, 2010).Managing the supply chain is a bit difficult task but while doing it there are certain aspects to be kept in mind which will help to defeat the risk of the sea food supply chain of Walmart in order to reduce cost and promote sustainability. Those aspects are analyzing ; realizing the main source of threat of the supply chain, concluding the serious outcomes of the process, considering the main aspects responsible and giving solutions to decrease the risk ; challenges of the value chain.Walmart has undertaken MSC certification program to promote sustainability but on the contrary it is very time consuming as it takes one year to complete the process. Moreover, it is quite expensive and a tough job to acquire the certificate for its suppliers and plus it is very complex as there are lots of steps involved in obtaining it. So, the solution to this challenge is that rather than forcing its suppliers to under take the MSC certificate; Walmart can establish its own quality control check in order to reduce the cost and sustain the sea food value chain.The main advantage of such quality control check will be that it will not be as expensive as compared to the MSC certificate program and plus it will be less time consuming which will have a direct impact on the cost of production ; the supply chain. As a result the consumers wont end paying a premium price on the product because consumers are more obsessed about the price factor rather than being concerned about the label ; brand of the Marine Stewardship Council (Denend, 2010). Also the challenge of Walmart related to its supply of near future term was that its business is based on transaction.So, if one buyer price is higher than normal then the procurement of abundant fish supply was a tough task for the company even though the company has made an agreement. Also the supplier in the upcoming consignment starts provding fish of poor quality as compared to product supplied initially. Hence it is recommended that the company needs to take the certification of MSC in order to deal with such kind of set-backs. On the other hand the company can try to cut down the cost of MSC certification.Boat operators and fishermen pay the direct cost for the processing plants and also there might be indirect cost related to the certification. Suppose in case while repopulation take place and the most depleted fish stock fisheries supposed to reduce their catches, indirect cost gets associated. Few of the fisheries can identify differentiation opportunities thru competition. With the help of certification ; discipline, supply can be maintained for a longer period of time. Also the cost of production will tend to reduce creating a great value to the supply chain.Another solution to promote sustainability is that Walmart can breed farm raised fish. As we know that species of wild sea-food are on the verge of extinction and plus it is forecasted that within fifty years it will collapse, so one of the possible recommendation is to farm raise the salmon. There are advantages of farm raised or rather organic fish i. e. organic fishes do not contain heavy metal pollutants, on the other hand wild fish are likely to be more contaminated. As a result it will create an impact on the consumers who are more health conscious nowadays (The Natural Path, 2012).Evironmental sustainability is also important for Walmart because doing the right thing pro-actively builds a relationship ; bond of trust with its share holders which indirectly effects the supply chain. Walmart should also introduce eco-labeling which has become a key tool in comsumer awareness and can be exemplified by examples like fair trade, certified organic, etc. The aim of eco-label is to communicate with the customers regarding the environmental as well as social effects on manufacturing a commondity ; to decrease the negative impacts.As a result there will be a greater marke t share, price mark ups ; high margin of profits which is one of the recommendations to gain high profit and promote its sustainability (Owens, 2008). According to (Store Brand Decision, 2010) a major strategy for Walmart which will reduce the the cost of its supply chain is to combine all the purchasing stores across the nations as a result it will diminish the involvement of intermediaries and they can buy directly from the producers which will have an direct impact on the supply chain which in return will help to reduce cost. Although Walmart spend around One hundred billion U.S Dollars on store brand apparel ; great value commodities like frozen sea food, not more than twenty percent is bought from the producers. The company which is known for its pugnacious supplier bargain ; has the power to leverage its scale for discounts operating in more than fifteen nations worldwide has obtain commodities nation by nation which is intend to shift. Within five years they are planning the move, to direct manufacurer purchasing that could take anywhere between five ; fifteen percent of cost from the value chain as result the company’s savings would be anywhere around four billion to twelve billion U.S Dollars with sales above four hundred billion U. S dollars worldwide. Walmart can rationalize their sea-food supply chain management by reducing the involvement of middlemen ; intermediaries, rendering network partner assistance to suppliers, formulating and discovering new ideas, technologies and also finding its goals ; objectives. They can also merge direct providers of goods ; commodities, play a role of a corporate having social responsibility ; certifying, labeling, etc environmentally sustainable goods. Also by licensing environmental creations and upgradation.Walmart can also restructure ; redevelop the buyers role as well as commit to higher amount of environmental ; eco-friendly sustainable products. These are various aspects and criteria which Walmart c an apply to rationalize its value chain. In the past Walmart mainly focused on the demands of consumers in terms of pricing decision ; assortment of product for a long period of time, but in the present and near future the company needs to re-structure to keep sustainability intact into its product assortment and pricing decision in order to grow and move ahead.This will result into additional purchase and also attracting new consumers with the greening of brand new products, while it decrease the demand of the current ongoing commodities of conventional products. On the other hand it may also tend to increase the inventory cost and sourcing mainly because of product assortment at the initial stage. Walmart should also communicate with its consumers by conducting feedback or surveys, as the company always felt that they had hardships in communicating with its customers.Their mode/channel of communication requires to advertise cautiously the performance of green and eco-friendly good s so as a result it will have an impact on its current conventional commodities. They should also posses certain relative and reliable piece of information which will help them to defend and justify the advantages of the goods in terms of health, safety ; environmental friendly. Such kind of promotion of attributes is next to impossible for a commodity, if the company itself is in doubt about the impacts on environment, its safety and effectiveness. . Conclusion So hence we can sum all the challenges and recommendations and can conclude that sustaniability is not the problem which can be differentiated from the business of the Walmart neither it can be analyzed with an un-existing program or with a corporate socail responsibility practice of Walmart. It runs parallel to its mission, model ; culture. Similar is the case with the sae-food supply chain. On concluding this report it is outlined on how to reduce cost and promote sustainability. Certain giant leap has to be undertaken in regarding with this case.This attributes can only be achievable if Walmart recognized its set-backs and assess the circumstances correctly. They can also introduce certain metrics models to inject into its business to achieve sustainability and reduce its cost both at the same time. Also their strategies and policy should be in the favor of the nature and environment so as to promote sustainability. References Bibliography Anon. (2012, March 25). An introduction to walmart. com. Retrieved March 25, 2012, from www. walmart. com: http://www. walmart. com/cp/An-Introduction-to-Walmart. com/542413 Chilcote, D. S. (2012).Riverscape Analysis Project. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from www. umt. edu: http://www. umt. edu/flbs/research/Whitepapers/The%20Riverscape%20Analysis%20Project%20v5. pdf Decision, S. B. (2010, January 5). Wal-Mart to Reduce Supply Chain Costs Systemwide. Retrieved March 29, 2012, from www. storebrandsdecision. com: http://www. storebrandsdecisions. com/news/2010/01/05/wal -mart-to-reduce-supply-chain-costs-systemwide Denend, L. (2010, June 12). Walmart's sustainability strategy (C): Inventory management in the sea-food supplu chain. Retrieved March 26, 2012, from www. gsb. stanford. edu: http://www. gsb. tanford. edu/scforum/login/documents/OIT71. pdf Owens, M. (2008). An analysis of MSC. Sustainable Seafood Labeling. Path, T. N. (2012). Organic Meat, Organic Dairy Products and Farm Raised Fish. Retrieved March 29, 2012, from www. the-natural-path. com: http://www. the-natural-path. com/organic-meat. html Plambeck, E. , & Denend, L. (2011). The Greening of Walmart's Supply Chain. Supply Chain Management Review. Rogers, E. (2011). Exercising Responsibility in the Seafood Supply Chain. Walmart. (2008, May). WAL-MART STORES, INC. IS OFFERING SUSTAINABLE SEAFOOD. Retrieved March 29, 2012, from www. almart. com: http://walmartstores. com/Sustainability/7951. aspx Works Cited Anon. (2012, March 25). An introduction to walmart. com. Retrieved March 25, 2012 , from www. walmart. com: http://www. walmart. com/cp/An-Introduction-to-Walmart. com/542413 Chilcote, D. S. (2012). Riverscape Analysis Project. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from www. umt. edu: http://www. umt. edu/flbs/research/Whitepapers/The%20Riverscape%20Analysis%20Project%20v5. pdf Decision, S. B. (2010, January 5). Wal-Mart to Reduce Supply Chain Costs Systemwide. Retrieved March 29, 2012, from www. storebrandsdecision. com: http://www. torebrandsdecisions. com/news/2010/01/05/wal-mart-to-reduce-supply-chain-costs-systemwide Denend, L. (2010, June 12). Walmart's sustainability strategy (C): Inventory management in the sea-food supplu chain. Retrieved March 26, 2012, from www. gsb. stanford. edu: http://www. gsb. stanford. edu/scforum/login/documents/OIT71. pdf Owens, M. (2008). An analysis of MSC. Sustainable Seafood Labeling. Path, T. N. (2012). Organic Meat, Organic Dairy Products and Farm Raised Fish. Retrieved March 29, 2012, from www. the-natural-path. com: http://www. the- natural-path. com/organic-meat. html Plambeck, E. , &

Analysis on the Alibabas development Essay

Alibaba aAs a model of global B2B e-commerce model, from the launch site for the first time since it was founded at the end of 1998 to till right now, it Alibaba has has possessed more than 15 years of’ history. After four years of the establishment of the website, which is the end of 2002, . Alibaba get got its the first profit for the first time with, over six million yuanYuan in cash earningsin cash at the end of 2002 when it was the fourth year since the establishment of the website. Alibaba keeps acute insight and moves ahead is discerning, and step toward profitability with a unique business model. The first stage: The first step is to capture the market so as to provide free information. , first to capture the market. China’s e-commerce is currently under blocking condition with still stuck in the informationlimited information flow stage. Base on In accordance theto the full overall investigation on the basis ofbased on the needs of the enterprise market, it is needed to classify enterprise registration information integration, as well as According to the different characteristics, provide effective information and services for the enterprises based on the different characteristics. The second stage: the use of a The successful launch of at the first phase of the corporate credit certification, to has lay laid the solid foundation for a the further profit. Ma got the key pointjust cached themain key, at First by firstly introduced introducing China Chinese integrity authentication on to the Internet -– integrity , in 2002, and Grasp grasped the key primary issues on the Chinese e-commerce market, which This is also the first Alibaba revenue channelschannel of Alibaba. Alibaba induce attracts companies to pay to join in the â€Å"integrity† aspect through the clever use intelligent application of its previous history results. Third stage: the development of The overseas markets development, expands the scope of trade scope. Alibaba addition to not only master most of the domestic enterprise information, but also mastered the nearly 10 million overseas merchant information to help the domestic enterprises to develop foreign real export trade. â€Å"Chinese suppliers† to has provided the independent account number and password to establish the English website for the , so that the worldforeign countries, with nearly 2.62 million 420,000 professional buyers browse online business  and create more opportunities for businesses for further development. Fourth stage: Mergers and acquisitions â€Å"yahoo†, † is an innovation a stretch for the development of e-commerce search. Alibaba has formed a â€Å"yahoo† as the platform, as well as a large network shopping platform based on â€Å"taobao† trading information search system. , for businessmen from the world, Alibaba provides wider space communication and trading platform for the businessmen from all over the world†¦ Alibaba accurately positioning positions themselves itself in the midst of the economic society , with a stable business model, to find seek for their its own piece of the sky. which Has has now developed into four business groups and composed of three linked sites in the world’s leading online trading market and business community. 2.2.2 The Analysis of B2B2C mode Mode analysis 2.2.2 B2B2C pattern analysis Fusion The combination of the â€Å"Ali Baba† and â€Å"Taobao† new B2B2C mode does not exist logistics, distribution and inventory bottlenecks. E-commerce development in China is not mature enough since , there are a variety of defects, which leading leads to the situation that the site operator cannot accurately predict the demand for commodities , in real life as well as the same distribution logistics system at the initial trial stage. The new B2B2C model is adapted to the development of Chinese e-commerce environment, so that Alibaba can cleverly avoided the risk due to the backlog of goods distribution, and logistics system to establish imperfect generatedgeneration. The distribution logistics of this is linked to the merchant, the merchant who is responsible for the timely deliver the goods delivery to the hands of consumers, . Alibaba only conducts trading platform for businesses and consumers trading platform, do not instead of bearing the cost of producetion c ost in the logistics and distribution process, which make takes the intermediary between the cost of the transaction. Alibaba’s successful business philosophy has attracted the attention of many businesses that Alibaba it has become an indispensable business transaction network platform. Whether it is for the business or consumer, it is Alibaba that is the exclusively first thought as long as a reference tofor online shopping, the first thought is Alibaba, which . It also can also be the successfully Alibaba risk due to its distribution, logistics and inventory  generated onto another important reason business. Alibaba redefines the B2C market, leading which leads to the development direction of e-commerce industry., Aalthough this it is the inevitable trend of e-commerce development, but there has been no further proper opportunity. Alibaba B2B market possesses the share of 80% plus and the â€Å"Taobao† C2C market share of 70 percent%, which making makes it the best candidate to create a B2B2C business. Enterprise value to sales from production to sales to make up a supply chain, has changed the traditional model of creating value, reflecting and reflected the impact of the Internet on business activities deeper.to a deeper extent. In addition, Alibaba acquired which adopts â€Å"Yahoo China† to gained the world’s leading search technology supported platforms and a the strong product development capabilities, will also become a fresh point of future profitability; . Moreover, Tradelink and Alipay Alibaba will also create more wealth with thewith their developments of its create more wealth. As it can be seen from the Alibaba’s earnings history and the future direction of its development, the truly- opened , content with the localization features information and collaboration and as well as the strong global e-commerce is are the most viable. We must build e-business models in line with the Chinese people, based on the principle of fair competition for among enterprises, as well as the integration of various enterprise resources, to achieve economies of scale. 2.3 Situation The Analysis of Alibaba international International trade Trade development Development in the electricity Electricity supplierSupplier 2.3.1 Analysis of the competitive Competitive advantage Advantage of Alibaba Firstly, Ali Baba and the new web service mechanism apt toare prone to experience the value of attracting customers and buyers. Alibaba site construction methods using localized for different countries have adopted the local language, of the different localized countries which is easy to read,for comprehending that this convenience and affinity will have to are prone to integrate international markets. Alibaba has established operations in four interrelated website: the iInternational website in English to provide professional services for global business, the Simplified simplified Chinese in mainland China mainly provides to provide website marketing services; , the Global Traditional Chinese website was Taiwan, Hong Kong,  Southeast Asia and throughout the world Chinese American service; as well as the Korean language Korean site in Korean for Korean users. Secondly, Alibaba has a huge number of membersmemberships, Alibaba years of since its years’ operation make it overseas buyers, suppliers to establish a mature trading relationship. Alibaba, which possesses through three marketplaces around all over the world to assist several millions of buyers and suppliers with engaged the engagement in online business. Finally, Alibaba’s â€Å"integrity† of the Internet to provides a guarantee secure transactionsguaranteed secure transactions. Listening to our customers, to and meeting customer needs is are the foundation of survival and development of Ali Baba. Customer first, teamwork, embracing change, integrity, passion and dedication are the core values of Ali Baba. 2.3.2The Disadvantages 2.3.2 of Alibaba Firstly, Alibaba’s site model is an intermediary form, and this model which has a copycat, which provides providing samples for other competitors to enter the industry, there is increased as well as the increasing competition for them. Secondly, Alibaba’s business is large and cluttered, it is the which has original 27 original industry classifications, and 8OO – 900 categories of industries to optimize the business platform into its the biggest obstacledevelopment. Thirdly, Alibaba the during infancy of Alibaba due to the low barriers to entry Member cohabitation, and the altogether honest members get together. Making makes the supplier price competition among the suppliersis very fierce. Fourthly, because of the strategic shift Alibaba will put a lot ofinvest much money to payfor the personal C2C platform Taobao, . Besides, Alibaba B2B customers may face dropped , while the new customers supplement embarrassment. 2.3.3 The Analysis on the Cchance of Alibaba Alibaba in the development process is also facing a lot of opportunities in the development process. Alibaba in the development process is also facing a lot of opportunities. Firstly, several of the big banks and credit companies participate fully in e-commerce, which created creates the conditions for the deeppth conditions of the development of in e-commerce Alibaba. Secondly, China is now speeding up the development of e-commerce legal  provisions, and as well as actively establishingcreates a safe, and standardized business environment. This, which provides favorable conditions for the development of in e-commerce Alibaba. Once again, China cannot afford to existing SMEs to start their own B2B commerce sites that, so this intermediary sites like Alibaba welcome its popularity.popular with its welcome. Finally, as to the continuous development and, improvement of the Internet and the proliferation of computers, there will be more companies have joinedjoining in the online business, which makes provides Alibaba has a lot of potential customers. 2.3.4 Threat Analysis of Alibaba Firstly, Alibaba’s profit is mainly in China, but the status quo of China’s business environment restricted restricts the further development of B2B Alibaba, such as legal sound, online payment security vulnerabilities, improve infrastructure improvement and other outstanding developments gave Alibaba drag. Secondly, the pattern of business websites in among the world in recent years, not only speeds up the rapid development, but has gradually become a trend of e-commerce alliance 11.11 mergers. Besides, and cooperation is the trend, this which will lead to more intense competitions. Problems and Solutions of Alibaba’sE-commerce international the International trade Trade development Development in Alibaba’s E-commerce 3.1 Find theProblems Investigation Developmentof development of B2B eE-commerce in China Although, Alibaba has been under rapid developmentin in the past few years, and China has also been deemed as a n successful B2B e-commerce business representatives. However, wWe must know understand that the B2B e-commerce development model has some problems such as Alibaba, and these problems is which are the future development of China’s B2B e-commerce needed to be addressed. These problems that are mainly in the following aspects: (A) Lack of sufficient attention to the large enterprise market Currently , most of China’s B2B e-commerce to provides commodity publish and trading platform to provide offer services. This approach , which is suitable for small and medium enterprises, because since they need the help of B2B e-commerce platform to develop for new markets development. However, the demand for large enterprises and SMEs B2B e-commerce is very different since , they usually have a fixed customers and sales channels, but.  However, they are also often faced with the strategic adjustment problems. Due to for the market environment in China is actually mainly leaded by many large enterprises to lead. So, hHow to make B2B e-commerce model can adapt to the needs of large enterprises is a major problem that currently exists. (B) The lack of information flow based on business interaction While eEconomic development has provided favorable conditions for e-commerce in China to carry out, but overall, the now e-commerce enterprises in China is are still not popular yet at present. Due to a the lack of understanding of on the overall e-commerce systems, many enterprises have been many various errors in this process, that too simple understanding of B2B e-commerce that puts the company on the Internet homepage and catalog everything will be fine., you can wait for customers’ orders of. The extension of B2B e-commerce as a traditional trade on the Internet, if not interactive flow of information, withjust the release of information (which a lot of information is out of date) instead of interactive flow of information, will make most companies have lost interest in the B2B e-commerce. So Establishing an active or auxiliary enterprise interaction mechanisms , will be the focus of future development of in B2B e-commerce., will be the focus of future development of B2B e-commerce. (C) The lack of attention to the management of Many e-commerce companies when only one-sided unilaterally emphasis emphasize on technology. T, the technical elements put a lot of manpower and material resources , but ignorignoreed enhance the management level enhancement in the process and the restructuring of business processes restructure to meet the e-commerce new management and business model demands environment. (D) eE-commerce is still relatively at low degree of safety Although e-commerce security has been greatly improved, but because of viruses and the lack of various types of protective measures, Trojans and other malicious attacks continue to occur that, and the lack of various types of protective measures, so many companies are lack of thea sense of security in the implementation of B2B e-commerce. At the same time, many companies because that the network infrastructure is relatively backward,backward or no without more perfect safety management system and  professional maintenance staff leads to the enterprise network., there There are many security vulnerabilities that may crash when subjected to attack quickly when. These issues , which will greatly affect the further development of B2B e-commerce. (E) Tthe lack of an effective constraint on business  the The B2B companies like Alibaba are intended to provide a trading platform for all sectors of business. However, for businesses, if the transaction is a problem, without exception, it will be held accountable B2B companies, and thus affecting the development of their own B2B businesses without exception. The fundamental reason is that since the majority of B2B companies are interactinteracting with companies through a network of way. , and Ttherefore the lack of , effective B2B platforms is lacked for the managers to assess their qualifications for these companies, ability, and reputation. In the early days, in order tothat attracting customers into the lax control is understandable. But However, with the growing influence grow and B2B trading platform, if not effectively assessing and constraintconstrainings platform business, will directly affect the credibility of the B2B platform. 3.2 The Prospect of China’s B2B eE-commerce B2B e-commerce in the 21st century, Chinese enterprises to break new ground try to make breakthrough in the struggle for existence is in the important battleground of B2B e-commerce in the 21st century, including both . Both for China’s state-owned enterprises or and private enterprises offor 1.3 million members among the nationwide industrial and commercial enterprises, which has combined with the immediate reality , to determine the development of the essential B2B e-commerce business strategy is essential. About AlibabaAs to the combination of the above questions, this paper presents the development of by the following measures: (A) Strengthen the popularity of e-commerce in the enterprise, the implementation of B2B e-commerce is tailored to each enterprise. It should be noted, that for most Chinese enterprises, e-commerce, and B2B e-commerce, have come a the new terms is in thea new economic era. E-commerce is not Instead of a fashionable coat, as long as it e-commerce means that Chinese companies put carry on innovation and modernization, Chinese enterprises to develop e-commerce  which must make careful planning and tactical departure from the overall development of enterprises aiming at, to be able to really playing an important role on the characteristics of the network characteristics and advantages for the development of enterprises play a real role. Implementation of e-commerce enterprises is to specific specifically analysis ofanalyze the nature and scale . Ffrom large enterprises to establish a web-based procurement system to start tofor the establishment of establish their own independent large-scale procurement trading platform, . it It should be a good development strategy, like Sony, and IBM, which has have established its their own independent global procurement system the same. Of courseHowever, for when comes to SMEs, it is not the a pursuit of for self-built large, since complex B2B trading platform is a wise choice. National Federation of the 1.3 million members of private companies, including mostly most of the small and medium enterprises should adopt such a strategy. To to attach great importance to on enterprise information, . That a comprehensive, and enterprise information systems to carry outbe carried out, can not can’t be achieved only by a small part of the information. The way for the Chinese enterprises to develop B2B e-commerce, is not to say simply buy some computer networking equipmentequipment, and build a website that simple. For Chinese enterprises, the The real use of B2B e-commerce for Chinese enterprises is the core of the Internet as information technology, business activities and resource management, which is the core primary business efficiently manage managing all information. Helping companies create a smooth flow in the enterprise, so that the enterprise information flow between customers and suppliers, and through managementcan be smoothly managed, . value-added and application of high efficiency, Tthe customer, companies, and suppliers are all connected together, with the fastest, and lowest respond to the market costs, to grasp the opportunity to for continuously improve improving and consolidate consolidating the competitive advantages. (B) For nNetwork security issues should be given high priority. Enterprise (taking Alibaba as a typical representative) should be equipped with the system hardware and software to optimize the configuration, . use Adopting high-quality hardware and software equipment to can reduce security vulnerabilities; and develop a sound safety management system and to establish the establishment of a  professional security management team on system security design as well as and maintenance to ensure maintenance as much as possible to reduce security vulnerabilities existing in the system. It is at the time of attack and ableneeded to take emergency measures for protection and recovery, to ensure the smooth operation of the system; erect as well as build firewalls to differentiate the company’s internal network and with the outside world wonder access names, and control and monitor the data access. Using VPN (Virtual Private Network) to can ensure that the Internet to establish a dedicated channel to securefor communication channel. The cConclusion of the contract for electronic privacy issues and fulfillment process is caused by legal regulation which can be implemented by both both in principle and industry self-regulation, . Besides, the collectors always adopt international rules to clearly define the rights and obligations of information gatherers and information are among collectors. (C) The importance of changinge management and business model. Enterprises should strengthen the staff’s competence and ability to improve communication, and eliminate unnecessary work to achieve smooth inter-departmental business processes (especially for such a large domestic Alibaba e-commerce company). After theThe reorganization of business processes is a key demand of the market, since the company’s strategy and adjustment are in consistent with each of the core business processes and consistent and identifyidentified with every job that valued from by the customer’s point of viewfeedbacks can be inc reased. Enterprises should improve the level of corporate information technology,, advanced modern integrated manufacturing system (CLMS) and the introduced enterprise resource planning (ERP) system introduced in order to achieve agile manufacturing enterprise (agile manufacturing), ) and virtual manufacturing (virtual manufacturing) and as well as personalized production in order to achievefor â€Å"zero inventory†, reducinge costs, and thus retaining existing customers. Should It is needed to proceed to establish a suitable enterprise customer relationship between management (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) system to achieve smooth communication with trading partners,, at the right time which can timely set up virtual companies to focus resources on their own core business and strengths. Using The adoption of interactive marketing model and, virtual reality and the consumer experience smooth communication with customers, can fast quickly response  respond to customers and p, Provide products to meet for the customer requirements. (D) To cater to the mobile era, and the development of mobile e-commerce. 2013 is one of the hot areasone of the hottest years in of mobile e-commerce. With theThe development of 3G technology enables , mobile Internet has been no problemto be easily accessed. In the 3G era, SOLOMO (Social Local Mobile) business model will be the future trend of development. However, current mobile e-commerce is still stuck in entertainment, social and other aspects, . how How to nurture discover and explore new business models and profit model remains to bea further issue to be studied. Meanwhile, the mobile Internet too muchpays much attention to the individual consumers who, for B2B companies to integrate mobile Internet wave, which is still a need for the new technology systems and operational rules.

US Counter Terrorism Policy essays

US Counter Terrorism Policy essays In the past, the United States has pursued its own vision of international security based upon a particular conception of politics. Its policies have naturally included the use of physical power to underscore strategic aims. This paper seeks to canvass the nuances of US military engagement in the specific context of counterterrorism policy. The politics of physical force traverses the need for both moral and tactical justification. In a broader framework of strategic doctrine, the use of force to achieve strategic goals dictates a comprehensive assessment of the dynamics of military constraints and political realities. Therefore, the fundamental success of an ambitious and unilateral United States counterterrorism doctrine hinges upon its ability to focus upon the tangible and political contingencies of staging a War on Terrorism. In order to go to wage a war there must be an identifiable enemy. Within the constraints of our state-centric international system, there is an equal need to accommodate for the political climate in which one exists. The failure to understand both the enemy and the environment will result in lopsided policies that obstruct the achievement of strategic goals. In the wake of 9/11, with the subsequent wars on Afghanistan and Iraq, there in an increasingly heightened sensibility of the need for a consolidated US stance contra terrorism that elucidates a clear and sustainable plan for military engagement to preclude the dangers of imperial overreach. The use of military force by the United States in relation to Afghanistan and Iraq prompted, and continues to prompt, debate and criticism. Suggestions of policy conflation (as to whether or not terror was the true target of these military efforts) raise a serious question of determining what substantively constitutes the terrorist threat. Additionally, the practical considerations underpinning extensive military commitments loom large. Without ventu...

Favorite Quotes from Old Yeller (1956) by Fred Gipson

Favorite Quotes from 'Old Yeller' (1956) by Fred Gipson Old Yeller  (1956) is a beloved childrens novel about a boy, Travis Coates, and his heroic dog, Old Yeller. The novel is a Newbery Honor book (1957) and won many awards over the following decade. It is the work for which author Fred Gipson is best known, and Disney successfully adapted the story to the big screen. Below, we list some of the most significant quotes, as well as our personal favorites, from this short but powerful novel.  Ã‚   Quotes from the Classic Childrens Novel  Old Yeller He made me so mad at first that I wanted to kill him. Then, later, when I had to kill him, it was like having to shoot some of my own folks. Thats how much Id come to think of the big yeller dog.  - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 1Still, they needed money, and they realized that whatever a man does, hes bound to take some risks.  - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 1He was a big ugly, slick-haired yeller dog. One short ear had been chewed clear off and his tail had been bobbed so close to his rump that there was hardly stub enough left to wag.  - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 2 Now, Travis, Mama said. Youre not being fair. You had a dog when you were little, but Arliss has never had one. Hes too little for you to play with, and he gets lonely.   - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 2 Arliss! I yelled at Little Arliss. You get that nasty old dog out of our drinking water! - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 3I knew then that I loved him as much as I did Mama and Papa, maybe in some ways even a little bit more.  - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 6 After all that, I guess you can see why I nearly died when a man rode up one day and claimed Old Yeller.  - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 7Shoot anything that acts unnatural, and dont fool around about it. Its too late after theyve already bitten or scratched you.  - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 8A boy, before he really grows up, is pretty much like a wild animal. He can get the wits scared clear out of him today and by tomorrow have forgotten all about it.  - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 9But we were too smart, Old Yeller and I.  - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 9I reached in and let him lick my hand. Yeller, I said, Ill be back. Im promising that Ill be back.   - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 10Papa had left me to look after things. But now I was laid up, and here was a girl handling my work about as good as I could.  - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 13It was a good thing for us, Son; but it wasnt good for Old Yeller.  - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chap ter 15 That was rough, he said. That was as rough a thing as I ever heard tell of happening to a boy. And Im mighty proud to learn how my boy stood up to it. You couldnt ask any more of a grown man.   - Fred Gipson, Old Yeller, Chapter 16

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Difference Between Traditional File Systems Information Technology Essay

Difference Between Traditional File Systems Information Technology Essay Wikipedia, The traditional filing system is a method of storing and arranging computer files and the information in the file. Basically it organizes these files into a database for the storage, organization, manipulation, and retrieval by the computers operating system. For this method, a file name is assigned to a file in order to secure storage location in the computer memory or data storage devices such as hard disks or CD-ROMs are used to maintain the physical location of the files. By this file name a file can be further accessed. Whether the file system has an underlying storage device or not, file systems typically have directories which associate file names with files, usually by connecting the file name to an index in a file allocation table. A new concept for file management is the concept of a database-based file system. Files are identified by their characteristics, like type of file, topic, author, etc (DBMS) consists of software that operates databases, providing storage, access, security, backup and other facilities. This system can be categorized according to the database model and the type of computer that they support such as a server cluster or a mobile phone, the query language(s) that access the database, such as SQL or XQuery, performance trade-offs, such as maximum scale or maximum speed or others. Some DBMS cover more than one entry in these categories, e.g., supporting multiple query languages. Meanwhile database management systems are usually accessed in a client-server manner, where the database client and the server are located on different machines (in a local area network). Both systems deal with information management. File-based System File-based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual filing system. File-based system is a collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users, such as updating, insertion, deletion adding new files to database etc. Each program defines and manages its data. When a computer user wants to store data electronically they must do so by placing data in files. Files are stored in specific locations on the hard disk (directories). The user can create new files to place data in, delete a file that contains data, rename the file, etc which is known as file management; a function provided by the Operating System (OS). Advantages of traditional file based system Disadvantages of traditional file based system No need of external storage Provides less security. No need of a highly technical person to handle the database. Redundancy is more. Processing speed is high as compared to DBMS Less integrity. High complexity in updating of database. Table 1.1.1 Database Management System The improvement of the File-Based System (FBS) was the Database Management System (DBMS) which came up in the 60s. The Database Management System removed the trouble of manually locating data, and having to go through it. The user could create a suitable structure for the data beforehand, to place the information in the database that the DBMS is managing. Hence, the physical organizing of files is done away with and provides the user with a logical view of the data input. A database is a collection of interrelated information stored in a database server; these data will be stored in the form of tables. The primary aim of database is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information fast and in an efficient manner. Advantages Control of data redundancy Although the database approach does not remove redundancy completely, it controls the amount of redundancy in the database. Data consistency By removing or controlling redundancy, the database approach reduces the risk of inconsistencies occurring. It ensures all copies of the idea are kept consistent. More information from the same amount of data With the amalgamation of the operated data, it is possible to derive additional information for the same data. Sharing of data Database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users. Improved data integrity Database integrity provides the validity and consistency of stored data. Integrity is usually expressed in terms of constraints, which are consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. Improved security Provides protection of data from unauthorized users. It will require user names and passwords to identify user type and their access right in the operation including retrieval, insertion, updating and deletion. Enforcement of standards The integration of the database enforces the necessary standards including data formats, naming conventions, documentation standards, update procedures and access rules. Economy of scale Cost savings can be obtained by combining all organizations operational data into one database with applications to work on one source of data. Balance of conflicting requirements By having a structural design in the database, the conflicts between users or departments can be resolved. Decisions will be based on the base use of resources for the organization as a whole rather than for an individual person. Improved data accessibility and responsiveness By having integration in the database approach, data accessing can cross departmental boundaries. This feature provides more functionality and better services to the users. Increased productivity The database approach provides all the low-level file-handling routines. The provision of these functions allow the programmer to concentrate more on the specific functionality required by the users. The fourth-generation environment provided by the database can simplify the database application development. Improved maintenance Provides data independence. As a change of data structure in the database will affect the application program, it simplifies database application maintenance. Increased concurrency Database can manage concurrent data access effectively. It ensures no interference between users that would not result any loss of information or loss of integrity. Improved backing and recovery services Modern database management system provides facilities to minimize the amount of processing that can be lost following a failure by using the transaction approach. Disadvantages Complexity A difficult software. All users must be familiar with its functionality and take full advantage of it. Therefore, training for the administrators, designers and users is required. Size Uses a substantial amount of main memory as well as large amount of disk space in order to make it run efficiently. Cost of DBMS A multi-user database management system may be very expensive. Even after the installation, there is a high regular annual maintenance cost on the software. Cost of conversion When moving from a file-base system to a database system, the company is required to have additional expenses on hardware acquisition and training cost. Performance As the database approach is to cater for many applications rather than exclusively for a particular one, some applications may not run as fast as before. Higher impact of a failure Increases the vulnerability of the system due to the centralization. As all users and applications reply on the database availability, the failure of any component can bring operations to a halt and affect the services to the customer seriously. The difference between TFS and DBMS Balajee B. (2005), There are number of characteristics that differ from traditional file management system to database management system. In file system approach, each user implements the required files for a specific application to run. (Example: in a sales department of an enterprise, one user will be maintaining the details of the number of sales personnel in that department and their grades. These details will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Another user will maintain the salary details of these sales personnel and the detailed salary report will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Although both of the users need the data of the salespersons, they will be having their details in separate files and they need different programs to operate their files.) When such data is isolated in separate files, it is difficult to access data that should be available for both users. This will lead to wastage of space and redundancy or replication of data, which may lead to c onfusion, as sharing of data among various users is not possible and data inconsistency may occur. These files will not be having any inter-relationship among the data stored in these files. Therefore in traditional file processing every user will be defining their own constraints and implement the files according to their needs. In database approach, a single store of data is maintained that is defined once and then accessed by many users, as database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users. The essential characteristic of database approach is that the database system not only contains data but it contains complete definition or description of the database structure and control. These definitions are stored in a system catalog, which contains the information about the structure and definitions of the database. The information stored in the catalog is called the metadata, it describes the primary database. Hence this approach will work on any type of database for example, insurance database, Airlines, banking database, Finance details, and Enterprise information database. But in traditional file processing system the application is developed for a specific purpose and they will access specific database only. But the processing speed in TFS is high compared to DBMS. The other main characteristic of the database is that it will allow multiple users to access the database at the same time and sharing of data is possible. The database must include concurrency control software to ensure that several users trying to update the same data at the same time, it should maintain in a controlled manner. In file system approach many programmers will be creating files over a long period and various files have different format, in various application languages, where duplication of data can occur. This redundancy in storing same data multiple times leads to higher costs and wastage of space. This may result in data inconsistency in the application; this is because update is done to some of the files only and not all of the files. Moreover in database approach multiple views can be created; External view User/Application view, Conceptual view Logical view, Internal view Details about the structure of data and physical storage of information. View is a tailored representation of information contained in one or more tables. View is also called as Virtual table because view does not contain physically stored records and will not occupy any space. A multi-user database whose users have variety of applications must provide facilities for defining multiple views. In traditional file system, if any changes are made to the structure of the files it will affect all the programs. Therefore, changes to the structure of a file will require to change all programs that access the file and whereby data dependence will be lost. But in the case of database approach the structure of the database is stored separately in the system catalog from the access of the application programs. This property is known as program-data independence. Database can also be used for continuous storage for program objects and data structures that resulted in object oriented database approach. Traditional systems suffered from impedance mismatch problem and difficulty in accessing the data, which is avoided in object oriented database system. Database can be used to represent complex relationships among data as well as to retrieve and update related data easily and efficiently. Hence DBMS does not automatically remove redundancies, but help to control redundancy. It is possible to define and enforce integrity constraints for the data stored in the database. The database also provides facilities for recovering hardware and software failures, as it has automatic and intelligent backup and recovery procedures. It reduces the application development time considerably when compared to the file system approach and availability of up-to-date information of all the users. It also provides security to the data stored in the database system and maintains integrity. A highly technical person will be required to handle the database, while for TFS, it is not so. File-based systems are very dependent upon the application programmer. Any required queries or reports have to be written by the application programmer. Normally, a fixed format query or report can only be entertained and no facility for ad-hoc queries if offered. DBMS has data independence. The way information is stored and the way information issued is independent of each other. File-based systems also give tremendous pressure on data processing staff, with users complaints on programs that are inadequate or inefficient in meeting their demands. Documentation may be limited and maintenance of the system is difficult. Provision for security, integrity and recovery capability is very limited. Whereas, DBMS has control over security as it provides tools such as use of User Code, Password / Privileges and Roles to ensure security of data. Data, Field, Record, and File are the main components of Database environment. Briefly explain those. Data Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), Distinct pieces of information usually formatted in a special way. All software is divided into two general categories: data and programs. Programs are collections of instructions for manipulating data. Data can exist in a variety of forms as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic memory, or as facts stored in a persons mind. Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a single piece of information. In practice, however, people use data as both the singular and plural form of the word. The term data is often used to distinguish binary machine-readable information from textual human-readable information. For example, some applications make a distinction between data files (files that contain binary data) and text files (files that contain ASCII data). In database management systems, data files are the files that store the database information, whereas other files, such as index files and data dictionaries, store adminis trative information, known as metadata. Field Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), A space allocated for a particular item of information. A tax form, for example, contains a number of fields: one for your name, one for your Social Security number, one for your income, and so on. In database systems, fields are the smallest units of information you can access. In spreadsheets, fields are called cells. Most fields have certain attributes associated with them. For example, some fields are numeric whereas others are textual; some are long, while others are short. In addition, every field has a name, called the field name. In database management systems, a field can be required, optional, or calculated. A required field is one in which you must enter data, while an optional field is one you may leave blank. A calculated field is one whose value is derived from some formula involving other fields. You do not enter data into a calculated field; the system automatically determines the correct value. A collection of fields is called a record. Record Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), In database management systems, a complete set of information. Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. In relational database management systems, records are called tuples. Some programming languages allow you to define a special data structure called a record. Generally, a record is a combination of other data objects. For example, a record might contain three integers, a floating-point number, and a character string. In database management systems, a complete set of information. Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. Figure 1.2.1 Source Author Anon., File Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), A collection of data or information that has a name, called the filename. Almost all information stored in a computer must be in a file. There are many different types of files: data files, text files, program files, directory files, and so on. Different types of files store different types of information. For example, program files store programs, whereas text files store text. What is the Importance of DBMS in a Defense Organization and in an Education Department? Defence Organization Benjamin (n.d.), A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database with computers of an organization and its end users. It allows organizations to place control of organization-wide database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. As organizations develop with time, their adoption to the latest technologies in the computer field becomes a necessity. A Defence organization is no different. In these turbulent times, when national security is more important, providing all Defence personnel with access to the latest technology and education opportunities not only directly contributes to Defence capability but also improve the defence personnels career development. Hence the importance of a DBMS in such an organization like Defence is vital. Because Database administrators could use this system to configure and operate databases as the software provides high level, privileged database access. But the management should restrict use of this software to authorized personnel. One function of the database administrator is to create particular views of information stored in the database that are unique for each type of user. For example, one officer will have a different view of information in the database than another, say Senior officer. The different user groups will also have different abilities to add, modify, or delete information. The database administrator is responsible for providing users with access to the appropriate level of information. The primary risk associated with database administration is that an administrator can alter sensitive data without those modifications being detected. A secondary risk is that an administrator can change access rights to information stored within the database as well as their own access rights. Database security is the last line of defence. So it deserves greater focus on the protection of private data from both internal and external. The sensitivity and classification of the information stored in the database form the basis for establishing controls. A database that stores confidential information may require a more significant control environment than a database that stores non-sensitive information. Management should consider the security and performance implications of the security options available with modern database management systems. Database security professionals and information security and risk management professionals could adopt a security strategy in DBMS to: 1) Align database security policies with information security policies; 2) Ensure well-defined and formalized database security procedures; 3) Enforce role separation; and 4) Apply advanced security measures such as database auditing, monitoring, database encryption, data masking, and vulnerability assessment to all critical databases that store private data. The DBMS can provide long-term benefits for the Defence organization reducing duplication of data and making it easier for HR to update personnel records. If not for DBMS, each time there was a personnel change, trainers would have to go through their entire content to make the necessary changes. Now, replacing Brigadier Xs picture in the content library with Commodore Ys picture can be automatically replicated through all relevant programs. Thereby reduce its expenditure on storage. But, initial training will be required for all programmers and users. Even though database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design, there is greater data integrity and independence from applications programs and Education Department Sue Bushell (2004), To improve teaching and learning with the help of modern information and communication technology eLearning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of learners. It is affordable, saves time, and produces measurable results. E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching. The Information and communication systems, whether networked or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning process. E-learning services have evolved since computers were first used in education. There is a trend to move towards blended learning services, where computer-based activities are integrated with practical or classroom-based situations. E-learning is essentially the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classroom opportunities and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio The definition of e-learning varies depending on the organization and how it is used but basically it involves electronic means of communication, education, and training. Regardless of the definition you chose to use, designers, developers, and implementers make or break the instructional courses and tools. E-learning is simply a medium for delivering learning and like any other medium, it has its advantages and disadvantages. E-learning covers a wide array of activities from supported learning, to blended or hybrid learning (the combination of traditional and e-learning practices), to learning that occurs 100% online. As per wikipedia.org, the worldwide e-learning industry is estimated to be worth over $48 billion US according to conservative estimates. Developments in internet and multimedia technologies are the basic enabler of e-learning, with consulting, content, technologies, services and support being identified as the five key sectors of the e-learning industry. E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning and flexible learning, but can also be used in conjunction with face-to-face teaching, in which case the term Blended learning is commonly used. E-Learning pioneer Bernard Luskin argues that the E must be understood to have broad meaning if e-learning is to be effective. Luskin says that the e should be interpreted to mean exciting, energetic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellent, and educational in addition to electronic that is a traditional national interpretation. This broader interpretation allows for 21st century applications and brings learning and media psychology into the equation. E-Learning can also refer to educational web sites such as those offering learning scenarios, worksheets and interactive exercises for children. The term is also used extensively in the business sector where it generally refers to cost-effective online training There are many advantages to online and computer-based learning when compared to traditional face-to-face courses and lectures. There are a few disadvantages as well. Advantages of eLearning (Anon., n.d) E-learning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of learners. It is affordable, saves time, and produces measurable results. Cost effective E-learning is more cost effective than traditional learning because less time and money is spent traveling. Since e-learning can be done in any geographic location and there are no travel expenses, this type of learning is much less costly than doing learning at a traditional institute.   Flexibility Flexibility is a major benefit of e-learning. E-learning has the advantage of taking class anytime anywhere. Education is available when and where it is needed. E-learning can be done at the office, at home, on the road, 24 hours a day, and seven days a week.   Learners  like e-learning because it accommodates different types of learning styles.  They have the advantage of learning at their own pace. Students can also learn through a variety of activities that apply to many different learning styles. Learners can fit e-learning into their busy schedule. If they hold a job, they can participate in eLearning right at their desk. If the learner needs to do the learning at night, then this option is available while in their pajamas and do the learning if they desire.   Personalized learning E-learning encourages students to peruse through information by using hyperlinks and sites on the worldwide Web.  Learners are able to find information relevant to their personal situations and interest. E-learning allows selection of  learning materials that meet their level of knowledge, interest and what they need to know to perform more effectively in an activity.   E-learning is more focused on the learner and it is more interesting for the learner because it is information that they want to learn. E-learning is flexible and can be customized to meet the individual needs of the learners. Develops knowledge E-learning helps develop knowledge of the Internet. This knowledge will help learners throughout their careers. E-learning encourages students to take personal responsibility for their own learning. When learners succeed, it builds self-knowledge and self-confidence Disadvantages of eLearning Access One disadvantage of eLearning is that learners need to have access to a computer as well as the Internet. They also need to have computer skills with programs such as word processing, Internet browsers, and e-mail. Without these skills and software it is not possible for the  learner to succeed in eLearning.   E-learners need to be very comfortable using a computer. Slow Internet connections or older computers may make accessing course materials difficult. This may cause the learners to get frustrated and give up.   Software and files Another disadvantage of e-learning is managing computer files, software comfortability and learning new software, including e-learning. For learners with beginner-level computer skills it can sometimes seem complex to keep their computer files organized.  The lesson points you to download a file which the learner does and later cannot find the file. The file is downloaded to the folder the computer automatically opens to rather than a folder  chosen by the learner. This file may be lost or misplaced to the learner without good computer organizational skills. High motivation E-learning also requires time to complete especially those with assignments and interactive collaborations. This means that students have to be highly motivated and responsible because all the work they do is on their own. Learners with low motivation or bad study habits may not complete modules and may fall behind Isolation Another disadvantage of e-learning is that students may feel isolated and unsupported while learning. Instructions are not always available to help the learner so learners need to have discipline to work independently without assistance. E-learners may also become bored with no interaction with instructors or classmates.   Without the routine structures of a traditional class, students may get lost or confused about course activities and deadlines. Instructor may not always be available when students are studying or need help Conclusion Today many technologies can be, and are, used in e-learning, from blogs to collaborative software, E-Portfolios, and virtual classrooms. Most e-learning situations use combinations of these techniques. Even though the hardware and software start-up are costly, the advantages are; reduced data redundancy, reducing updating errors and increased consistency, greater data integrity and independence from applications programs, improved data access to users through use of host and query languages, improved data security and availability of facilitated development of new application programs and ability for intensive research are the benefits of DBMS. Task 2 Draw an Entity Relationship Data Model which describes the content and structure of the data held by the Medi Check Hospital. Produce the resulting tables of above Medi Check Hospital and clearly indicating the primary and foreign keys. Data Tables Doctor DoctorID (primary) Lname Fname Address Phone Pager Specialty Location Availability Patient PatientNo (primary) PatientFirstName PatientLastName PatientAddress PatientTelNo PatientDob PatientMaritalStatus PatientDateRegistered Appointment AppointmentNo (primary) PatientName Date/Time PatientTelNo Symptom SymptomCode (primary), SymptomName Description Treatment TreatmentTitle (primary) TreatmentType Duration Status TreatmentCost Medication MedicationNo (primary) MedicationType SideEffect Dosage Frequency Severity MedicationBrandName MedicationManufactureName MedicationManufactureAddress MedicationManufactureTel Normalize these tables to ensure that are all in BCNF. Show the steps you have taken in normalizing the tables. UNF Medication (DoctorID, Lname, Fname, Address, Phone, Pager, Specialty, Location, Availability, PatientNo, PatientFirstName, PatientLastName, PatientAddress, PatientTelNo, PatientDob, PatientMaritalStatus, PatientDateRegistered, AppoinmentNo, PatientName, Date/Time, PatientTelNo, SymptomCode, SymptomName, Description, TreatmentTitle, TreatmentTyp

Self-Concepts in Julius Caesar :: Julius Caesar Essays

Self-Concepts in Julius Caesar All people have definite concepts of self. In different situations, one may feel short, tall, smart, slow, fast, talkative, reserved, etceteras. These self-concepts are usually very different than how others view us. Depending on one's actions, words or even tone of voice, one may misrepresent oneself and be misinterpreted. One may be so arrogant or so humble that they prevent themselves from seeing themselves through others' eyes. In William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, two main characters, Julius Caesar and Marcus Brutus, present different personas- one being each characters actual self-characterizations, which we learn through their discussions with others, and another is how they are actually perceived in the eyes of others. Their inability to project their true motives in performing certain actions eventually brings about their tragic downfalls. Julius Caesar believed that people needed one strong ruler in order to have maximum production and proper function of a society. He believed that he possessed many, if not all, of the characteristics required of a great leader. He spoke to others in a way which he believed exhibited authority, told people why he should be the one to lead them, and thought that his own advice was best. His unwillingness to listen to others is received as arrogance. Though already warned by the soothsayer to "beware the ides of March," Caesar refuses to heed advice to stay home from Calpurnia, his wife, because he feels that she is trying to keep him from obtaining power and status. Calpurnia believes Caesar to be a prince and is convinced that some falling meteors are warnings of a prince's death. When she hears her husband boast that he is more dangerous than danger itself, she recognizes that this is simple arrogance, and tells him so, saying, "Alas, my lord/ Your wisdom is consumed in confidence (Act II, scene 2)." In response to her criticism and humble petitions, Caesar momentarily agrees to pacify her. However, when he changes his mind and decides to leave against her admonitions, she reluctantly, but obediently fetches Caesar's robe and he departs for the Senate, and his meeting with fate. Caesar's greatest character flaw, however, is thinking that he is far above others and somehow invincible. When he compares his own perseverance with that of the North Star, saying "But I am as constant as

Medieval romance

In The â€Å"Monkeys paw† a family Is Just trying to get money to pay if their house. C. In The â€Å"Most Dangerous Game† General Croft Just wants to feel the excitement off dangerous hunt. D. Finally In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† a 17th century women Just wants to be tree trot her husbands control. Ill. 2nd body paragraph a. All of the stories use lots of in depth imagery to show characters motive for their actions. B. â€Å"The Monkeys Paw† shows imagery when the soldier takes out the paw and tells the story. This impels Mr.. White to want to use the monkey's paw. . â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† Shows it through General Croft telling his story. He descriptively shows how me began to hunt humans, and how he needed to be challenged again. D. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† uses loads of imagery to show how Mrs.. Mallard came to her realization that she would be better off without her husband controlling her. That is why she is so happy. IV. 3r d body paragraph a. All three stories are similar in that they all end the same way. B. The main character gets what he wants, but has to pay the price. C.In † The Monkeys Paw† Mr.. White get his 200 pounds, but his son dies for it. D. In â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† Croft gets the hunt he wanted, but Rainstorm kills him. E. Finally in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Mrs.. Mallard ends up free, but only because she died. V. Conclusion that in every story characters get what the want, but not in the way they wanted it. C. D. Though they all differ in the way that each person in each story wants a different a. While the stories all end up almost the same they each end for completely efferent reasons. . In The â€Å"Monkeys paw' a family is Just trying to get money to pay the excitement of a dangerous hunt. D. Finally in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† a 17th century women Just wants to be free from her husbands control. Actions. B. â€Å"The Monkeys Paw' s hows imagery when the soldier takes out the paw and tells the story. This impels Mr.. White to want to use the monkeys paw. C. â€Å"The ‘V. 3rd body paragraph character gets what he wants, but has to pay the price. C. In † The Monkeys Paw' Mr..

The professional teacher in classroom, school, and society

Introduction:By the 1970s, large authoritiess were criticized about interfering the function of markets and the ability of the persons to run their ain personal businesss. Managerialism and marketization of the public services was the chief impression of ‘new public direction ‘ . In order to better the efficiency and effectivity in the populace sector, different schemes such as internal audit and quality confidence have been introduced. ( Aucoin, 1990 ) As instruction is one of the cardinal public services in Hong Kong, it can non hedge from the tidal force of marketization. The reform is related to the transportation of duty from the authorities to the school. In other words, there is a alteration in the nature of the authorities engagement with a position to going more competitory and providing for the demands in the market, and the ever-changing universe. Efficiency, answerability, quality and efficient usage of resources have become the ‘yardstick ‘ in mea suring the public presentation by society, authorities and schools. Those standards have made a great impact on instruction at all degrees. Policy of Decentralization in Schools: In an effort to advance ‘quality instruction ‘ in schools, Hong Kong authorities introduced the thought of a school-based direction theoretical account with a position to conveying about decentalisation. This policy based on an premise: when a market mechanism is in topographic point in the instruction system, s chools will go antiphonal and accountable to the populace, and therefore will choose for better-quality public presentation. ( Brown, 1995 ) Decentralization allows schools flexibleness to apportion resources. Marketization enhances the power of parents as they provide the demands. Diversity of school was decreased and hence the competition between schools is violent. The functions of instructors and pupils have to alter harmonizing to the above-named factors. Fig. 1 Marketization theoretical account ( Modified from Ball )Parental pick:Parental pick is one of the cardinal influences of the educational market. Restructuring instruction by the authorization of parents and pupils through picks in instruction is the cardinal thought under acceptance of a market-oriented attack. In Hong Kong, most of the parents are fond of English Medium Secondary Schools because they believe in the myths of better educational services inside them. ( Band1c†Ya ®Ã‚ ¶e†¢Ã‚ ·a„†ºa‚?c µÃ‚ ±e†¹Ã‚ ±a? ­ , 2010 ) Presently, instruction is considered as a sort of commercial merchandise instead than larning to larn. The whole schooling system can be regarded as a trade good market controlled by civilization of quality. Furthermore, schools are the mills for â€Å" value-addedness † while the pupils ‘ acquisition results are the trade goods within the market. Parents are the goaded force and exert great force per unit areas to school in order to bring forth better reactivity and academic effectivity. ( e ¶Sa ¤se†¹Ã‚ ±?-†¡c? ­ e ¶Sa?-a ®Ã‚ ¶e†¢Ã‚ ·e § , 2008 )Diverseness:In the aftermath of the economic restructuring of Hong Kong into a service economic system, there was a great alteration of the prevocational and secondary proficient schools in 2000. Education and Manpower Bureau revamped and enriched the proficient course of study by stressing more on concern and technological facets every bit good as linguistic communications. ( Education Department, 1997 ) The differences between secondary proficient schools and mainstream secondary schools became bleary. Furthermore, inclusive instruction is introduced and implemented. Students with particular educational demands ( SEN pupil ) are encouraged to have instruction in ordinary schools every bit far as possible. This policy increases the learning diverseness of pupils inside chief watercourse schools. This follows with increasing of demands of resources and teacher re-training. In world, nevertheless, there is unequal support and resources. Under inclusive instruction system, schools can merely have $ 10,000 subsidies for every SEN pupil. Compared with the original system, schools can enroll one instructor and learning aid for every 15 SEN pupils. ( ez?a†¢Ã¢â€ž ¢e‚?eaS?a? §a ¤sca °Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ , 2005 ) Merely 6 % of instructors agree with adequate support under the bing system. ( Education Convergence, 2002 ) In the past 15 old ages, the diverseness of school is reduced due to revamping secondary proficient schools and inclusive instruction. More and more schools became mainstream schools. Normally, those schools focus on academic facets instead than developing pupil ‘s possible since academic accomplishment of pupils is an of import public presentation index under cognition base society. Students ‘ endowments are ever buried.Competition:Under marketization, competition becomes much more serious than earlier. From the fact that the figure of pupils entry to secondary one lessening dramatically ( a? ­a ­?aae ·?a?†¦e ©sa , 2010 ) , schools which did non get adequate figure of pupils might be closed by the authorities. In order to hedge from this procedure, different schools principals utilizing different schemes to pull pupils to analyze their school. The schemes including give different subsidy or even hard currency to the new pupils. Harmonizing to the research ( e ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢e‚?a °Ã‚ ­aaâ€Å"?a?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢a? «a ·?aeY? , 2010 ) , some instructors were forced to advance the school. The promotional activities including be aftering different activities, some even serve as salesmen on the street to advance the school. We believed that these should non be the responsibilities of instructors. The direct result is teacher can non pass equal clip on the lesson planning or fixing resource for pupils. This implies that learning quality in footings of pupil larning result may deteriorate due to the deficit of readying. Second consider competition between pupils. Hong Kong is a cognition based society. Under the construct of marketization, educational success implies competiveness, which farther elaborates to money and high socio-economical degree. We argued that the ultimate end of instruction should non be served as a tool to mount up to higher socio-economical degree. If marketization continues, the purposes of instruction would go training pupils to accomplish academic success merely and in uniformity. We argued there would be two possible result of this uniformity. The first result is we would lose out value instruction. Previously school non merely concentrate on academic country, but besides the whole individual development of pupils. Teacher can hold flexibleness to learn different country of cognition, but non constrained to the examinational stuffs. But under marketization, we focus on the acquisition result and competiveness between pupils instead than value. It seems that the value instr uction is no longer of import in the modern society. Therefore we argued this may be one of the accounts of the happening of different societal issues. The 2nd possible result of uniformity is the changing of features of pupils. After marketization, we focus more on competition every bit good as public scrutiny. Therefore different accomplishments such as communicating or coaction may be omitted in the course of study. From the illustration of the maestro alumnus in Chinese university, this indicated that our current educational system maintain preparation pupils in this mode. ( a? ­a ¤Ã‚ §c? ©a? «200? ¬?e ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹a ·?a ¤Ã‚ ±?†¢- , 2011 ) This in bend pupils can merely execute good in the test merely, but can non use the cognition in the existent state of affairs or utilizing different accomplishments to work out jobs.The effects of the reform of educational system on instructors:In fact, the work load of instructors was really high before the reform of educational system. Teachers have more than 30 periods per hebdomad and it was one of the highest Numberss around the universe ( Cheng, 2004 ) . Furthermore, the figure of pupils per category normally is really high and it is about 40 per category. It may to a great extent increase the work load of instructors. Under the reform of the educational system, the work load of instructors is farther increased. In the yesteryear, the instructors could still manage their work. It was because of the standardised course of study, lower in-class diverseness of pupils and the comparatively teacher-centered instruction manner. However, under the reform of the educational system, the stria of pupils was changed from 5-band system to 3-band system. In other words, the intra-school diverseness of pupils became much higher. This may ensue in the dramatic addition in the trouble and cost of learning and direction of schools. Ultimately, instructors have to pay more attempt to cover with the jobs in learning, conselling and resources allotment. As the diverseness of pupil additions, the original high quality schools and pupils become second-rate since the resources have to be shifted to cover with the jobs of less able pupils. As mentioned antecedently, inclusive instruction is one of the of import policies under the reform of the educational system. It aims to include some SEN pupils into the normal categories so that SEN pupils can accept the legitimate instruction. This may increase the intra-school diverseness of pupils and the operating cost of schools. Besides, excess back uping resources should be needed. However, a batch of schools do n't run into the standards to suit the SEN pupils and are forced to make so. Under the state of affairs of high work load and ‘big category ‘ , instructors really have non adequate clip and energy to take attention of the SEN pupils. As a consequence, the SEN pupils finally get no benefit. The reform of educational system involves the alteration in the instruction schemes and the usage of the instruction tools. In order to do the instruction more effectual, instructors have to take a batch of preparation classs about the alteration of the course of study, the application of information engineering and etc. Besides, some instructors have to complete the graduate student sheepskin of instruction. Teachers have to pay excess clip and energy on their surveies. In add-on to the work load and day-to-day responsibilities in school, instructors may experience collapsed. As a consequence, the success of the reform of educational system may be hard to be achieved since instructors really have no clip and energy to take attention of the diverseness of the ability of pupils and aid pupils ‘ growing.Decision:In decision, marketization have its ain advantages such as bettering efficiency of acquisition and instruction in footings of larning result. Nevertheless, the purposes o f instruction and value instruction are neglected in the current marketized educational system. We believed that the disadvantages overwhelm the advantages and this is non a good pattern to our following coevals. Entire words: 1675

Taiwanese Development Model Essays - Taiwanese Culture, Republics

Taiwanese Development Model Essays - Taiwanese Culture, Republics Taiwanese Development Model According to Thomas Gold Taiwan offers a text book case of an elite-led revolution leading to social transformation. The stability of hard authoritarianism of the Taiwanese government laid the groundwork for Taiwanese development. The KMT's cohesiveness and political domination plus the economic development aid supplied by the United States also helped to provide good conditions for Taiwanese growth in the beginning. Once the KMT gained control of Taiwan they redistributed the land and launched a program of rehabilitation and industrialization. This period was responsible for the nationalization of many businesses formerly owned by the Japanese and the start of industrial production in Taiwan marked by a shift away from agriculture to industry. During the early period of industrialization Taiwan tried to create domestic markets for its goods. During the period from 1960 to 1973 Taiwan pursued export expansion in the area of industrial goods. During this period U.S. aid directed at Taiwan declined as did the islands geopolitical significance. To make up for this decline Taiwan focused on increasing its exports. The growth of the Taiwanese economy during this period according to Gold laid the ground work for the growth of opposition movements and loosening of the KMT"S grip on power. According to Gold this was because the changes in the Taiwanese economy brought about a middle class, a better educated populace, and a dispersion of industry through out the country. The Period from 1973 to 1984 Gold calls the time of industrial upgrading and the emergence of a political opposition. During this period Taiwan faced the oil shock, and increase in export prices due to a labor shortage that doubled workers salaries, a further loss of geopolitical prestige, and the growth of dissent and political opposition. Taiwan industrially during this time improved the quality and quantity of its exports. The Taiwan industrial model was that of a elite run bureaucracy that tightly controlled its nations citizenry in authoritarian ways. This authoritarian government was able to effectively channel the energies of Taiwan toward modernization. This authoritarian government became a victim of its own success because as living and education ezdards rose the citizenry demanded a shift away from hard authoritarianism. Taiwan is not a very good industrialization model for other countries to use outside of East Asia. This is because many of the factors that allowed Taiwanese industrialization were unique to Taiwan. First, Taiwan was colonized before 1950 by a developmentalist power, Japan to which is had close ties even after 1950. Second, Taiwan was the recipient of financial aid during its critical early years because of a inter-core competition for hegemony between China and the United States. Third, Taiwan benefited by having a implacable foe with a very different vision of development. Fourth, Taiwan was given breathing space following 1949, this enabled Taiwan to revive production and consolidate power without foreign powers interfering. All these factor make Taiwan unique from other nations that would try to copy it. One of the elements that nations should not copy from the Taiwan Model according to Gold is Taiwan's harsh authoritarian government which was much too strictly authoritarian and had a hard time changing as the attitudes of the Taiwanese people changed. (Gold's book was published years before the 1996 democratic elections in Taiwan) But Gold does say that Taiwan's development model does have some lessons that could be copied in other nations seeking to industrialize. These are a official commitment to development, land redistribution, fostering of agriculture, creation of extra-ministerial ministries to guide development, strategic credit allocation, collection and efficient management of data concerning the economy, investment in infrastructure and human capital, and proper allocation of foreign assiezce. Taiwan's development model was a combination of an orwellian state and effective ways of industrializing. Taken as a whole the repressiveness of the Taiwanese model makes it undesirable for government to adopt; but other aspects of Taiwan's industrial policy could prove effective for countries outside of the pacific rim.