Teaching Assistant Level 2

Level 2 Teaching Assistant Certificate – Assignment Three Unit 3 Supporting the Curriculum TASK 9: Using subject headings together with a brief summary of the subject, describe the range and main provisions of the relevant National curriculum in the school where you are employed. Creative Development: This Area of Learning relates to the development of children’s individual ways of developing and representing their notions and emotions in an imaginative way through assorted mediums and various forms of self-expression.Children explore as wide a range of stimulus as it is possible to provide given the resources available. They take part in art, craft, design, music, dance, theatre and movement activities. They have the opportunity to role play; to compose music or poetry; to develop their creative writing skills. They are encouraged to experiment with artistic mediums and represent their own feelings through their creativity, developing an ability to communicate and expr ess their individual creative ideas while also demonstrating an empathy with others. They are also encouraged to reflect upon their own work.Knowledge and Understanding of the World This subject builds upon children’s knowledge and understanding of the world around them by developing different aspects of play, activities and experimental learning processes that stimulate their senses; encourage investigation into subjects or activities that spark an interest. The children are encouraged to ask questions about their surroundings; explore their environment and undertake studies that will help them to develop an interest in and awareness of the ideals, beliefs, views and opinions of thers. Through the use of experiential learning, starting with a familiar present or past experience (see: ‘spiral curriculum,’ as advocated by American psychologist Jerome Bruner (Smith, Mark k. 2002)), curious and exploratory play techniques are fostered and the children are encouraged to develop reflective skills so that they can revisit and draw upon their own individual experiences. Language, Literacy and Communication Skills Children are encouraged to engage in discussions that develop their thinking understanding and range of vocabulary.They become involved in speaking and listening activities throughout the foundation stage and are encouraged to ask for information with regard to anything that they do not understand. There are activities that involve words, rhymes, songs and stories where children join in. Early literacy is encouraged while consideration is given to the fact that, for all children, ‘learning to read’ is a unique personal experience as such should not be rushed. Ysgol Dolafon believes that reading should also be fun!Children are allowed ample opportunity to freely access books and quiet areas are provided. The following list contains just a few examples of techniques that have been implemented and proven to help with early liter acy: 1. Using children’s own books in class. 2. Using audio tapes in conjunction with books to help children follow a story. 3. Pointing out words and linking them to the relevant items, people or places in the picture. 4. Using role play, or props to act out familiar stories. 5. Reading stories and rhymes out in a fun and imaginative way. 6.Consistently pointing to the top left-hand as your starting point and indication the left to right orientation through-out the reading of a story. Reading is promoted as a pleasurable activity and allowing children to read books that bear a particular relevance to their own interests is often considered to be more useful than strict adherence to a commercial reading scheme. Children at Ysgol Dolafon are continuously provided with the opportunity to make pre-cursor writing marks an early age and and a great deal of effort is put into encouraging the children to develop writing skills and activities.From scribbles and mark making right thro ugh to participating in purposeful writing tasks, children develop and improve their writing skills as they move through the curriculum. At all stages (including very early mark making) the children’s work is positively encouraged, valued and exhibited. Mathematical Development Mathematical activities at Ysgol Dolafon are delivered in accordance with pupil’s individual needs and great deal of emphasis is given to continuity of learning.Ample opportunity is provided for pupils to discuss their understanding of concepts as they progress and teachers are aware of the importance of eliminating any gaps in the children’s mathematical knowledge. The Welsh Assembly Government guideline for Mathematical Development maintains that: ‘It is crucial that gaps in children’s mathematical learning are avoided, so that children do not miss out on essential elements in their understanding of mathematical concepts’ (WAG 2008) and Ysgol Dolafon fully agrees wit h that statement.Children at **** **** frequently engage in experiential activities where they are encouraged to explore indoor and outdoor environments and gain first-hand experience of recognising materials; making comparisons / recognising similarities and differences; estimating and predicting; counting; sequencing; weighing and measuring etc. Engaging in relevant discussions that provide an opportunity for the children to build their skills, increase their knowledge and extend their mathematical vocabulary is an essential part of the learning process.Mathematics is taught throughout the school day and across the entire curriculum. Its relevance to other subjects is frequently pointed out. For example: The need for accurate weighing and measuring of the ingredients used in cookery and the bearing that inaccurate measuring might have on the finished product would be discussed as part of the cookery lesson. Children might also be encouraged to work out half measures or double up o n ingredients in order to vary the portion size of the finished item. Personal and Social Development, Well-Being and Cultural DevelopmentThis element of the curriculum builds on the child’s past and present experiences and it provides the opportunities for children to ‘learn about themselves and their relationships with other children and adults both within and beyond the family’ (WAG 2008). Children at **** ***** are encouraged to develop confidence and assertiveness, while taking into account the needs and feelings of others. They are encouraged to challenge prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping and staff lead by positive example.Staff at the school provide pupils with frequent opportunities to share their opinions and emotions and encourage them to pay appropriate attention to the feelings and emotions of others. Children are also provided with the opportunity to look after animals and plants in order to demonstrate that all living things require care an d respect in order to thrive. Children are introduced to concepts that build on their personal experiences and increase their knowledge and understanding of themselves and their surroundings. Once children are able to appreciate and understand the eelings of others the concepts of fairness, justice, rights and responsibilities can be realistically introduced. The aim is to fully prepare and equip children for a positive role in society and the intention is to achieve this ‘through a learning environment that reflects each culture appropriately. **** ***** is a dual stream Welsh/English school which is attentive to the distinctive and rich Welsh culture including all cultures that are part of the diverse society in Wales and it strives to provide activities that are suitably planned and resourced.The children are taught to appreciate and celebrate cultural differences and learn a great deal about the diverse range of cultures through the exploration of art, literature, music, f ashion, architecture and religion. Physical Development This aspect of the curriculum relates to the development, increased skills functioning and performance of the physical body. It also provides an understanding of the results that a healthy lifestyle delivers by exploring the effects of a balanced diet, exercise, fresh air, adequate sleep etc.Children at **** ***** are taught how best to take responsibility for keeping their own bodies healthy; they are taught to identify and understand the dangers of medicines and drugs, smoking, alcohol and other potentially harmful substances. Pupils are taught the importance of food and water in relation to the human body. They are encouraged to recognise healthy foods; develop a good knowledge of the different food groups and to understand how a balanced combination of foods is a requirement for a healthy mind and body.Children’s physical development begins with ‘gross motor skills’ (control of the large body muscles suc h as those found in the arms and legs). This stage is followed by ‘fine manipulative skills’ (the control and coordination of small muscles). Due consideration is given to the fact that children are unique and develop at different rates and staff are aware of the fact that children cannot increase they’re range of skills until the muscles required are sufficiently developed. Consequently the activities and resources used are checked for the suitable developmental needs of each individual child.Physical activities are introduced at the earliest opportunity and they are integrated into other lessons where appropriate. For example: the inclusion of actions performed to rhymes, stories and games is believed to foster a positive attitude to movement and exercise from an early age and as such actions are incorporated into much of the story telling in the three year old setting. For more demanding, physically active movement appropriate space is essential and open areas are available indoors and outdoors so that children can gain greater spatial awareness through experimentation of movement without restrictions.The children are provided with access to appropriate apparatus (for both supervised and unsupervised use) and consideration is given to the fact that enough time for the children to develop their skills is of equal importance to the provision of equipment and space. Pupils are encouraged to recognise that regular exercise makes them feel good and helps their bodies to work well. Welsh Language Development The foundation phase initially introduces Welsh through incidental Welsh.The everyday use of simple Welsh greetings; the repetitious recital of rhymes; the singing of songs and the telling of simple stories in informal play situations are part and parcel of the everyday routine. There are interactive displays designed to support the development of familiar concepts such as discussing colours, numbers, the weather etc. and any themes that w e explore: (e. g. the seaside, the farm, the fire station) have the key words highlighted bilingually. Next we have the introduction of structured sessions where simple phrases and language patterns are explored.The children are exposed to basic question patterns, such as ‘ble mae? ’ (‘where is? ’) and simple phrases are introduced into their play. Children in **** *****’s Foundation Phase learn Welsh through a holistic curriculum, through structured play, and through having a specific structured developmental and progressive programme. The language skills that they learn in Welsh support their development, knowledge and skills in English and vice versa. Examples of activities used to support the development of speaking skills at **** ***** include the following:Joining in with nursery rhymes, action songs and singing: Singing is seen as a good way for children to practise the sounds and pronunciation of a new language. Singing as part of a group pro vides them with security and helps develop confidence. As in all language teaching, the use of rhymes containing a strong rhythm, repetition, alliteration and homophones reinforces language development and pronunciation. Telling stories; sharing and recounting information; observing and respecting celebrations and events that are important to the children Circle time’ designed to provide opportunities for children to discuss; speak and listen to others’ ideas, feelings, emotions and events Relaying messages; sharing greetings in daily routines and giving instructions to others. Footnote: I feel it is important to add that In the opening descriptive paragraph of each of the curriculum subjects as outlined in The Foundation Phase Framework for Children’s Learning for 3 to 7-year-olds in Wales, it is stated that, ‘the guidance and Area of Learning should not be viewed or delivered in isolation; it should be planned for across the curriculum’ (swanseagf l. ov. uk) Complete a detailed study of one subject over one key stage. Describe how this would be planned, delivered and monitored and explain the terminology used. NB: The Foundation Phase replaced Key Stage 1 of the National Curriculum from the start of the 2011/12 school year. The foundation phase covers four years from ages 3 – 7 (Wales. gov. uk. 2011 – 2012). I have chosen to complete a detailed study of ‘Language, Literacy and Communication Skills’ as delivered to a mixed age class of: ‘Nursery, Reception and Year 1 and 2 pupils’ (foundation phase). Oracy (Skills and Range):The children’s oracy skills are promoted though spontaneous and structured viewing, listening and speaking activities. Children are expected to make progress in their ability to listen, understand, communicate and make themselves understood. The use of movement, gesture and speech as communication tools is explored and developed and the children should become increasing capable of speaking clearly, understanding basic instructions, using appropriate language and conveying accurate meaning. They are expected to attain listening skills and develop the ability respond to the sounds around them.They should develop an understanding of variety in the language that they hear consequently becoming more and more able to respond appropriately to phrases or instructions that increase in complexity. Delivery of these skills should come in a variety of forms and locations and the following list contains some examples of where/how: 1. Children should be provided with the opportunity to experience activities in both indoor and outdoor settings. 2. Provision should be made for the experiencing of different types of play ranging from planned and structured to spontaneous and child initiated. . Talk/communicate for a variety of purposes included but not limited to: a. Presenting simple information b. Asking and answering questions c. Expressing emotions, likes, dislikes, need etc. and expressing personal opinions. d. Involvement in spontaneous learning activities such as dialogue and role play. e. Joining in with rhymes, songs and simple stories. f. Repeated recitation of songs, poems or raps. g. The conveying of personal or imaginative experiences using familiar language patterns. h.Extend their knowledge of language through activities that foster an interest in words and consequently increase their vocabulary. Reading (Skills and Range): The opportunities provided throughout the Foundation Phase should encourage children to show and interest in books and to enjoy reading. The skills taught in the Foundation Phase should enable children to progress in their ability to follow stories that are read out to them and respond to those stories in an appropriate manner. Children should be encouraged to explore books (with or without and adult) and to handle them in the way that a reader would.They should be aware that there are different t ypes of books. Adults should develop an underpinning strategy of demonstrating that text is read from left to right and of explaining how written symbols have sounds and meanings. The objective is for children to build on the knowledge that they already have and to ultimately gain the skills required to read with fluency, accuracy, understanding and independence. These skills provide them with the confidence needed in order to read their own work and other texts aloud; discuss written works in an informed manner (e. g. alk about characters and storylines or predict events and outcomes) and to ‘respond appropriately to books by considering what they have read in terms of content, ideas presentation, organisation and the language used. ’ (WAG 2010) Planning: This covers the three areas of oracy, reading (including phonics) and writing. The teacher’s plans with input from classroom assistants and the planning needs to cover skills development as well as age range. M edium Term Planning: Research books relating to topic. Plan aspects of literacy to be taught through these books: e. g. labelling; listing; captions; story; diary etc.The use of phonics – letters and sounds. Phonics: – three times a week. Weekly Planning: Chose a book for a week or a fortnight and plan on topic activities for oracy reading and writing. Differentiate activities for age groups and ability levels and include specific tasks for more able students or those with SEN. Delivery: **** ***** has a dedicated LLC every morning and but LLC is also delivered across the curriculum. Oracy is developed through Knowledge, Understanding or Creative Development. Writing is developed through Knowledge, Understanding or Role Play. Children are divided into ability groups.The teacher and the teaching assistant work with a focus group while the other children work on enhanced activity or have continuous provision. Groups are rotated to ensure that all children work with the t eacher during the week. Monitoring: Classroom assistants provide feedback to the teacher and the teacher records progress/difficulties in a variety of ways: individual record sheets; post it notes; the annotation of plans are all ways in which the child’s progress is evaluated and this constant evaluation is an essential component of successful planning which adapts to the needs of the child/children.This monitoring is also used to write the child’s end of year report. Terminology explained: CVCC Words: Words which have a consonant-consonant-vowel-consonant pattern. Differentiation: The practice of delivering information to pupils in a way that is appropriate to their individual ability and level of understanding rather than their age. Digraphs: A combination of two letters representing one sound such as: ph; ch; sh; ee; and oo Graphemes: Graphemes are the smallest units in a writing system capable of causing a contrast in meaning.In the English alphabet, the switch fr om cat to bat introduces a meaning change; therefore, c and b represent different graphemes. It is usual to transcribe graphemes within angle brackets, to show their special status: , . The main graphemes of English are the twenty-six units that make up the alphabet. Other graphemes include the various marks of punctuation: , , etc. , and such special symbols as , , and (? ) †¦ LLC: Language, literacy and communication skills. Objective: The end result (as predicted in the planning) the final goal that you would be expecting the children to achieve. Oracy:Fluent, articulate and grammatically correct verbal communication Oral blending and segmenting: To practise oral blending, the teacher could say some sounds, such as /c/-/u/-/p/ and see whether the children can pick out a cup from a group of objects. For segmenting practise, the teacher could hold up an object such as a sock and ask the children which sounds they can hear in the word sock. The activities introduced in Phase 1 are intended to continue throughout the following phases, as lots of practice is needed before children will become confident in their phonic knowledge and skills.Phonemes: any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat. Phonics: A method of teaching reading based on the sounds of letters, groups of letters, and syllables. Range: A variety of planned activities which are specifically relevant to the subject. In this case: The opportunity to engage in spontaneous and structured communicative activities designed to expand the children’s vocabulary and encourage their interest in words.Stimulus would include: Stories (fictional and factual); media and ITC texts; information texts; poems; songs and nursery rhymes. Skills: Refers to the child’s capabilities – In this case their ‘oracy skills’ which should be developed pr imarily through the use of sensory stimuli: Speaking; listening and viewing activities which are ultimately intended to improve the children’s ability to listen and respond appropriately while continuously improving their attention/concentration spans and building on their previous experiences thereby helping them to attain general communicative accomplishment and increased self-confidence.Write dance: A technique developed by Ragnhild Oussoren encourages creativity, self-expression and confidence and by developing the child’s gross motor skills it theoretically helps to develop the prerequisite physical skills and co-ordination required for writing. The programme is described as being ‘of benefit all children,’ but it has been found to be particularly helpful for children with SEN. Briefly outline three recent strategies introduced by the government to raise standards in the curriculum. How would you access up to date information in curriculum development ?Recent strategies to raise standards: Literacy, numeracy and deprivation. The Minister for Education and Skills recently introduced a strategy for raising standards of literacy and numeracy in schools. In June 2011 he announced the intention to introduce a new National Literacy and Numeracy Framework (LNF) and a system of national testing for all pupils aged 5 to 14. Deprivation: In brief, the strategy to help children from disadvantaged backgrounds ranges from the introduction of free breakfast clubs to classroom based strategies which include, learning in small groups supported by teaching assistants; customising lessons to individual tudents' learning needs; providing extra-curricular learning and study support; engaging and supporting parents in supporting their children’s learning and promotion of the idea that effort and perseverance pay dividends. In order to receive updated curriculum development information first hand I regularly visit the education and skills webpa ge at Wales. gov. uk – I have also registered for the WAG newsletter. Relevant and up-to-date publications are always available to read in the school staff room. What extra-curricular activities are available in a typical school?Complete a detailed study of one of the activities. A typical school would probably offer the following extra-curricular activities: Sports: Football;/rugby/ netball/ hockey etc. Choir Chess/board games Gardening club An In-depth Study of Chess/Boardgames Club at **** ***** Chess/board games club at **** ***** takes place every Wednesday afternoon during term time. It runs from 3. 30pm until 4. 15pm and is supervised by a member of the school’s board of governors. This gentleman also provides the medieval board games that the children use.Number of children in attendance: 10 (2 new players joined at the beginning of this term, both are from year 2). Gender: 4 girls & 6 Boys. Age range: Year 2 to year 6 (was year 3 upwards but the rules changed in September 2012). Duration of session: 45 minutes Number of games being played on Wednesday 19th Sept 2012: Four Types of games available: Chess and an assortment of hand-made Medieval, Tudor and Viking games; mostly 2 player games but some multi-player games. The games being played while I was in attendance were: Fox and GeeseFox and Geese is a medieval, asymmetrical game. Players have different objectives and different pieces/men. One player leads a fox whose objective is to kill all the geese by jumping over them. The other player leads the gaggle of geese whose objective is to corner the fox and stop him escaping. Nine Men's Morris Nine Men Morris is a two player, strategy board game of Roman origin. Each player has nine pieces which they place upon the board one at a time taking alternating turns. Players then take it in turn to move their own pieces in an attempt to build a line of three.A straight line of three wins the player the right to take any one of his/her opponentâ €™s pieces. The object of the game is to leave the opposing player with fewer than three pieces. It is possible for either player either player to force the game into a draw. Tafl (meaning ‘table’ in old norse) Games Tawl Bwrdd is the Welsh name for an 11Ãâ€"11 Tafl board as described (with the rules of play) by Robert ap Ifan in 1587 in a Welsh document (p. 4 Peniarth ms) now in the Welsh National Library. Thought to be of Viking origin and found in one form or another everywhere the Vikings travelled, includingIceland, Britain, Ireland, and Lapland; the game represents the final stages of a battle where the king, on the losing side, is being attacked on four sides by an army with twice the number of men to his defending army. To win he has to escape to one of the corners. The king loses if he is surrounded on four sides. Chess A medieval style chess set was in use but during play I saw no deviation from the chess rules that most of us are familiar with today. TAS K 10 List and briefly outline the main factors that influence teaching and learning.The quality of the planning and delivery of the lesson. Meeting the needs of all the students. Making the lesson engaging by ensuring that the different learning styles of the students are catered for. Students achieving the learning objective that is: Every student should make adequate progress. Planning Ability to communicate clearly Behaviour management And external factors weather conditions, home life, etc. Using your preferred method of research, study various teaching assistant’s job description and explain the variety of support a teaching assistant ight be expected to give in the classroom whilst supporting, planning and evaluating learning activities. The following is a ‘cut and pasted’ job description taken from Powys County Council’s ‘Vacancies’ webpage. P. C. C. lists all TA posts as ‘Non-teaching staff’ despite the fact that this term is no longer frequently used. Marland (2001; cited in David Fulton in association with The Open University, Primary Teaching Assistants, Learners and Learning) suggests that the title is offensive. P. C. C. Example: Teaching Assistant (Non-teaching Staff)Main Purpose of Post: Working under the overall supervision of the responsible teacher to: -provide support in addressing the needs of pupils within the class; -assist and support teaching and learning; -work with individuals or groups and assist in providing for general care, safety and welfare of pupils. Principal Responsibilities: 1. Contribute to implementation of plans. Assist in the delivery of lessons/sessions and interact with the teacher and pupils as required. Undertake agreed learning activities/teaching programmes, adjusting according to pupil responses. . Promote positive values, attitudes and good pupil behaviour, dealing promptly with conflict and incidents in line with established policy and encourage pupils to take responsibility for their own behaviour. 3. Encourage good relationships between pupils. Promote inclusion and acceptance of all pupils, encourage them to interact and work co-operatively and engage in activities. Assist with pupil supervision in the playground and on school trips. Monitor pupils’ achievement, safety and welfare. 4. Promote independence and development of self-esteem in all pupils. 5.Support and use ICT in learning activities & develop pupils’ competence and independence in its use. 6. Undertake to promote the ethos of the school and be familiar with school policies 8. Undertake routine tasks: photocopying, collecting and distributing resources. 10. Work with the teacher to establish an appropriate learning environment e. g. helping with displays, tidying and organizing resources. 11. To co-operate with the employer and follow health and safety advice and instructions. 12. To abide by the principles and practice of equality of opportunity as laid down in the Council’s Equal Opportunities Policy. The above example gives the typical specifications for a Powys primary school but official titles and job descriptions tend to be subject to a fair amount of regional and local variation. Learning support assistant; teaching assistant; classroom assistant and learning mentor are a few of the titles that I have encountered during my research for this assignment and all appear to be fundamentally the same thing. Ask a cross-section of people who do the job what the associated duties are and the descriptions that you get will be even more varied than the titles.There seems to be no ‘set in stone’ criteria; the responsibilities appear to vary from school to school and tend to be depended upon specific requirements at specific times; this is particularly noticeable in the case of SEN positions which are closely tailored to the individual needs of the child or children concerned. In summary, the general job description is as follows: The teaching assistant’s role is to complement the professional work of teachers and accept responsibility for agreed learning activities under an agreed system of supervision, supported by direction from teaching staff in line with school policies and guidance.The role may involve planning, preparing and delivering learning activities for individuals/groups or short term for whole classes as well as monitoring pupils and assessing, recording and reporting on their achievement, progress and development. Teaching assistants with a level 3 or higher qualification might also be responsible for the management of other teaching assistants including allocation and monitoring of work, appraisal and training. Typical day to day teaching assistant duties appear to involve a variety of tasks which might consist of of any or all of the following: . Assisting the teacher in the planning and execution of classroom activities. 2. Working with small groups of children on exercises that have been set by the class teacher. 3. Setting up lesson resources/equipment before lessons; the packing away or appropriate disposal of resources after the lessons. 4. Setting up audio/visual equipment. 5. Creating displays and mounting children’s work. 6. Photocopying, filing , book sorting, and general admin duties. 7. Working one to one with children who are struggling with some aspect. of numeracy or literacy. 8. Playground duty. 9.Helping the younger children to change before and after sport activities. 10. Helping younger children with toileting and hand washing 11. Stock rotation; general stock taking and ordering of art and craft materials etc. 12. Listening to children read on a one to one basis. 13. Helping children to reach expected targets. 14. Monitoring pupil progress and reporting back to the class teacher. 15. Leading by example with regard to good manners, morals, social interaction, racial and sexual equality etc. 16. Dealing with instances of argumen t, fighting or bullying in the appropriate way. 7. Ensuring health and safety guidelines are followed and routine checking of tools and equipment for any H&S issues. 18. Routine maintenance and repair (where practically possible) of equipment and resources. State why you think it is important to plan and prepare learning activities. How will the experience and qualifications of the teaching assistant affect the support they are able to give? Teachers and teaching assistants need to have clear ideas about the lesson they wish to set up and it is important for them to have made adequate preparation if the lesson is to be a success.Good communication between teachers and teaching assistants is hugely important. There are three main elements that need to be considered when planning lessons. Firstly one must consider the aims and outcomes the lesson is intended to achieve. Next they should choose an effective learning environment, appropriate activities, relevant resources and sequencing of these and finally they would need to monitor and evaluate pupil’s progress in order for the teacher to be able to decide whether or not the lesson has been successful.Teaching assistants undertake a wide range of supportive tasks, the variety and importance of which are dependent upon their level of qualification/experience. Those with the most qualifications/experience are naturally expected to be able to assume more responsibility than those who are just starting out in the job or working at a less qualified level. The LEA and/or individual schools tend to make decisions with regard to the level of experience or qualifications they would expect from someone applying for a teaching assistant position.As a bare minimum you would usually need to be able to demonstrate good reading, writing and numeracy skills and it would usually be preferred that you would have some experience of working with children of the relevant age. What feedback might a teaching assistant be expect ed to provide and in what form and to who might they be required to deliver it? More often than not feedback would be delivered to the class teacher, verbally, at the end of the lesson but in special circumstances such as one to one reading feedback would be written in the pupil’s reading record book where teachers/parents can access it later.When working with a pupil or group where extra support is required feedback might be best delivered ‘as and when required’ throughout the duration of the lesson. TASK 11 When assisting in the delivery of learning activities, describe how a teaching assistant might be expected to; 1. Assist pupils and keep them on track The general consensus is that happy children are more likely to get involved and learn and with that in mind the teaching assistant should try to make lessons as enjoyable as possible, however, it is equally important to set clear and firm boundaries in order to prevent fun from descending into unbridled chaos . . Encourage pupils to work independently Research into independent study has indicated that teachers and teaching assistants who involve learners in lesson planning get good results from the practice. This type of collaboration often helps to make the lesson interesting and relevant for the pupils and involving children in the learning process can also provide them with where-with-all to reflect upon their own needs. It is well known that children learn better if their efforts are appreciated and they feel valued. As they gain in confidence they will automatically become more independent.Teaching Assistants can play an important role in helping raise the self-esteem of children. They can do this not only by demonstrating an interest their school work but also by expressing an interest in activities that they enjoy outside of the school environment. Group working is also proven to be highly beneficial strategy for building confidence; it can provide students with an opportunity to learn from one another and this temporarily switches control from the teacher to the learners resulting in increased confidence and greater independence. 3. Use learning material appropriatelyThe teaching Assistant should possess the knowledge and ability to be able to prepare appropriate equipment and materials for lessons that they are involved in and they should be practiced in the techniques involved for the use of specific tools, equipment and resources. They should possess up to date knowledge of Health & Safety legislation as it relates to the activities or lessons that they are preparing for; this should include COSHH and all other applicable regulations. In addition to these skills the TA also be capable of undertaking routine maintenance and/or general repairs to tools and equipment. . Monitor responses The teaching assistant would usually be expected to monitor and evaluate pupil responses to learning activities using a range of assessment and monitoring strategies. They should have the ability to be able to record the progress and achievement of a child or group or children in lessons/activities and systematically and accurately provide evidence of the range and levels of progress that the child/children achieve. The expectation would be for them to be capable of providing objective feedback and/or accurate reports on pupil achievement as and when they were required.They should be able to ensure the availability of appropriate evidence to back up any reports that they make. Explain how a teaching assistant might recognise problems that might occur whist supporting individuals and how they could be managed? Behaviour management should be implemented In accordance with guidance provided by the class teacher. The Teaching Assistant would usually be expected to provide support to the teacher when dealing with disruptive or potentially disruptive behaviour from pupils.That said, the Teaching Assistant might often find them-selves in a position where the y are able to spot the early signs of disruptive behaviour of potential bullying and in these circumstances they may be able to divert the child/children’s attention to other, more positive things, effectively preventing the potentially negative situation from occurring in the first place. References: Welsh Assembly Government. (2008). WELSH ASSEMBLY GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS. Available: http://www. swanseagfl. gov. uk/learn_agenda/foundation_p/wag_docs. asp Last accessed 29th June 2012.Welsh Assembly Government. (2011 – 2012). National curriculum – Key Stage 1. Available: http://wales. gov. uk/topics/educationandskills/schoolshome/curriculuminwales/arevisedcurriculumforwales/nationalcurriculum1/? lang=en Last accessed 29th June 2012. Smith, M. K. (2002) ‘Jerome S. Bruner and the process of education', the encyclopedia of informal education http://www. infed. org/thinkers/bruner. htm Last accessed 29th June 2012. Ragnhild Oussoren . (2010). Write Dance. Availab le: http://www. schrijfdans. nl/write-dance. html Last accessed 18th July 2012. Dwr Cymru. 2005). Think Water. Available: http://www. dwrcymru. co. uk/English/community/education/think/index. asp. Last accessed 13 Sept 2012. Hancock, R. , Collins, J (Eds) & Colloby, J. (2005), Primary teaching assistants, Learners and learning, Chapter 1: p7, Eight titles and roles, Published: David Futlon in association with the Open University (2005) Reprinted: Routledge 2009. Gothic Green Oak. ( ). Games. Available: http://www. gothicgreenoak. co. uk/index. html. Last accessed 19th Sept 2012. ———————– PAGE 1 Margaret Lorraine Voss SH34393/NCC Assignment 3

Meeting The Challenge Of Change - 797 Words

Chapter 1: Meeting the Challenge of Change Pages 1 through 25 Introduction ââ€"  Historically, cities and counties were responsible for basic services such as public safety, libraries, public utilities, public works, and cemeteries. ââ€"  As the population has grown and become more urbanized, local services have expanded to include such things as animal control, job training, and community and economic development. ââ€"  New layers of government became â€Å"superimposed† on existing government leading to 5 problems: 1) increase in the number of general and special purpose local units, 2) lack of uniformity in local government boundaries, 3) service coordination problems, 4) voter confusion and apathy, 5) high taxes and local government spending. ââ€"  Need for greater professionalism in local government. Two major forms of professional management became popular: 1. council-manager form: the council and mayor appoint a CEO who serves at the council’s pleasure and has the responsibility for the day to day administrative operations of the government (p.3) 2. administrator form: either mayor or mayor and council appoint a chief administrative officer who serves at the pleasure of the appointing authority (p.3) The Contemporary Context: How the rules of the game have changed ââ€"  New Roles for Citizens ââ€"‹ Citizens are the owners of government since they elect the officials and hold them accountable ââ€"‹ Citizens are also clients and customers: sees local government system as a marketplace that offersShow MoreRelatedThe Challenges Of A Health Care Administrator871 Words   |  4 PagesAs a health care administrator there are many challenges that have to be faced. Health care administrators have to deal with a very demanding career with all things health care on a constant change. The changing of health care with new developments is what causes health care administrators to have such a tough job. They have to make sure that they stay up to date on the changes happening. The main two challenges that I think will be faced is communication to employees and staying up to date withRead MoreTeam Project : Team Program1090 Words   |  5 Pagescohesiveness starting with a group member missing the first meeting and another one stating they were too busy to meet during the week or on the weekend. They were reminded that we all had to make personal efforts to meet and complete the r equirements of the project. Once we moved through these initial â€Å"bumps† we brainstormed as a group to come up with an idea for our crisis. We gathered several ideas and ultimately voted (those were present at the meeting) on what our topic would be, who would fulfill whatRead MoreNurse Leader Interview1613 Words   |  7 Pagesand flexibility. Administration, Medicare, and certifying organizations require changes to be made frequently to improve patient care. These changes are often tied to service reimbursement, so they must be initiated swiftly. Many difficulties surround the role of leader in today’s health care. Being unprepared for a management role, avoiding micromanagement, and maintaining clinical competency were the biggest challenges identified during the transition and continuing role as nurse leader. Open communicationRead More Challenges of Digital Age Essays1246 Words   |  5 PagesChallenges of Digital Age Technology over the years has drastically changed. For many people things like the Internet, digital cameras, and cell phones with Internet capabilities are very foreign items. These changes in technology are improving the world that we live in by making many things in our lives much easier and more efficient. An example would be a student in search of materials for a school project. Instead of having to go to the library they are able to just get online and find everythingRead MoreKey Characteristics Of The Housing Development Board Of Singapore1192 Words   |  5 Pagesways including how they can provide improved service to their customers. The Estate Administration and Property Department (EAPD) is currently undergoing changes due to current roles and responsibilities of employees. In this case study, we will explore the key characteristics of the Housing Development Board of Singapore, and the change challenge for Chew Ling Tan as she returns to the organization. Tan will conti nuously work through her implementation plan to improve internal and external communicationRead MoreChallenges, Success, and the Future of Conservation at the SCB 2009 Annual Meeting in Beijing816 Words   |  4 Pagesconservation professionals, held its first annual meeting on the Asian continent this summer. Conservation: Harmony for Nature and Society was hosted by the Institute of Botany at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and brought together over 1,200 conservation scientists and practioners from 74 different countries. Presentations spanned a wide range of topics and geographic regions, but particularly focused on Asia and its unique conservation challenges. Many attendees were encouraged by the presenceRead MoreThe Critical Areas Of Responsibility Of Non Profit Boards878 Words   |  4 Pagespeople for more funds donations. f. management system is managing all these areas efficiently and effectively for reaching the goal. g. Board self management is organisation amongst the board and its member, taking major decisions, recruiting and meeting committee members. (Seel, 2014) 3.Describe what could happen if board of directors waver or move away from their governance responsibilities. How could this impact the organization? Board of directors are the decision maker of anyRead MoreThe Effects Of Culture On Diversity Management Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluences diversity management in organizations in Kenya. Modern organizations are faced with challenges because of turbulent environments and a competitive global economy. Among these challenges are the use of information and communication technology (ICT), a multicultural workforce, and organizational designs that involve global virtual teams. Ad hoc teams create both opportunities and challenges for organizations and many organizations are trying to understand how the virtual environment affectsRead MoreHow A Network And School Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand our network clearly or we can do a SWOT of our network on the basis of 1- Social Economic background ( Students teachers background )where they are coming from) 2- Geographical condition ( Distance between two schools ) 3- Specific challenges in Network, like two school, are a competitor of each other either they very good friend of each other. 4- The strength of your network, bright spots number of good school who are very supportive good number of teachers who are very enthusiasticRead MoreExplain The Features Of Effective Team Performance1623 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Explain the features of effective team performance Effective teams have regular meetings in which to discuss policies and procedures, working together to understand their service users, to deliver the best quality of care. In meetings they update team members and work together to ensure that key outcomes are achieved. The team interacts, shares advice, gives and receives constructive criticism and adapt practice as necessary. In between them, they ask for appropriate advice, support and information

Reflection - 1649 Words

This assignment is a reflection on what I have learned over the past ten weeks, as I have almost completed my first semester and I have grown and learnt more than I thought possible. I will outline my area of expertise and how they have changed over this short period. I will discuss my current knowledge of the online environment and how it has advanced. I will demonstrate how being introduced to certain principles have given me a clear understanding of particular unit goals I would like to achieve, which will pave the pathway in completing my course goals. I will reflect on lessons learnt throughout this unit, and how they will help advance me throughout my degree and assist me in becoming a primary teacher. Coming into this degree, I†¦show more content†¦I learnt these principles are an essential component of tertiary education, and it is paramount I learn them early on as I will be required to use them throughout my studies. My area of expertise has changed since commencing this course. I have grown and strengthened many of my skills but also learnt new ones to ensure my success throughout my degree. Although my experience has given me great awareness into the online environment, I have quickly discovered there is more to learn and understand. My background is training material that is very black and white with only one correct answer. And after reading module six, â€Å"models of learning,† I learnt that I was using the transmission model of education. This is where I (the trainer) transfer my knowledge to the student (Leslie Owen Wilson, 2017). However, I now understand that learning in the 21st century is rapidly changing. Vygotsky theory of social constructivism and the usefulness of collaborating online is essential for me as a student currently completing MY degree online. Social constructivism suggests we learn better when we are engaging socially. It allows us to share ideas, knowledge, and information within the team and grow from our learnings (David, 2014). Through the weekly activities, I learnt I must continue to remain actively involved in group exercises, cl assroom forums, and online discussions so I am not feeling alone or isolated. After reading â€Å"learning in the digital age† and watching the videoShow MoreRelatedReflection1650 Words   |  7 PagesIan-Bradley Tancred This essay analyses and describes what reflection is and how it supports your personal and professional learning. It elaborates upon how and why recognizing your strengths and weaknesses are important and how they can enhance lifelong learning. It describes what arguments and assertions are, what the differences are between them and which one is better. Debnath describes reflection as a means of self-examination to learn from knowledge and experiences which will help transformRead MoreReflection1479 Words   |  6 PagesReflections Both simple and complex reflections were used. A simple reflection used towards the beginning of the interview transpired into, â€Å"pretty active out doing a lot of things.† Alternatively, a complex reflection used when reflecting on Sarah’s feelings about what her friends think about her not socializing subsisted of, â€Å"it bothers you thinking about them, wondering about your intentions.† I used twice as many complex reflections as simple reflections. Unfortunately, I should have usedRead MoreReflection On The Word Reflection 701 Words   |  3 PagesFor me the word ‘reflection’ means taking time to really dig deep into my thoughts, to contemplate something meaningful and significant, to make a decision that often involves me and my future. It has a personal and emotional connection. Daudelin (1996) uses the word ‘reflection’ to encourage managers to create time to recognise the value of learning from past and current work s ituations (‘experience’) and to adapt this learning to new situations. I would prefer to choose the words ‘thought’ or ‘consideration’Read MoreReflection1218 Words   |  5 PagesReflection on your personal development Reflection is a major factor in developing self-awareness to improve services provided to everyone around me, this is to develop my own understanding in realising the good and bad made previously. Moving forward with a better understanding, as well as rectifying the mistake whilst recognizing the good points, (Horton-Deutsch and Sherwood, 2008). Working in a domiciliary setting and visiting vulnerable adults within their homes, I am constantly tryingRead Morereflection703 Words   |  3 Pageshelpful/ inspiring. Your completed template form and content should be a CRITICAL reflection of the paper/ chapter content but NOT merely summarize what you have read. TEMPLATE FOR REFLECTIONS ON EXPERIENCES DATE: PLACE: The experience 1. What experience are you reflecting on (class session, project group meeting, particular piece of reading, other)? Give a brief account of this experience. 2. 3. Reflections on Experience 4. 2. Looking back, what was particularly memorable/ interestingRead MoreReflection Of Illusion1635 Words   |  7 Pages Shattering a Reflection of Illusion I stare blankly at the blinking caret. Propped up snugly against three quilted pillows and one calculus textbook is my laptop. To be more specific, a laptop opened to an empty Microsoft Word document. Writing a speech is no easy task, but writing a valedictory address is like playing darts with spaghetti. Humbly accepting the position as the class valedictorian, I have been graced with the task of writing an excerpt that would fill my classmates’ hearts withRead MoreNursing reflection.12855 Words   |  52 PagesReflective Essay This essay will look at reflection on a critical incident that has promoted a positive outcome. It is not a very major incident but it stands out as it has a potential for learning. This essay will identify and explain Johns (1994) model of reflection and explain what reflection is and why reflective practice is necessary and how it can be used. Schone (1983) recommended reflection on critical incidence as a valuable term, sited in Ghaye and Lillyman (1997) a critical incidentRead MoreReflection Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagesintegral part of nursing. It will also demonstrate how reflection enabled me to make sense of and learn from this experience, as well as identify any further learning developments needed to improve my practice and achieve the level of competency needed for when I qualify as an assistant practitioner. While discussing the knowledge underpinning practice, evidence based literature will be reviewed to support my discussion and for the purpose of reflection the essay will be written in the first person. SpouseRead MoreReflection On Self Development Through Reflection1854 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough reflection is a key issue of education and learning (Kennison, 2012), where you learn through experience (Tashiro, Shimpuku, Naruse and Matsutani, 2013), learn to self-evaluate (Duffy, 2013), identify gaps in knowledge and detect where further training or study is required to improve practice (Olarerin, 2013). Ultimately reflection is thought to be constant learning from practice, thus refining knowledge and experiences and putting them into practice (Naidoo, 2013). Within my reflection examplesRead MoreReflection Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesI determined that I needed a new interest, something to keep my mind engaged and challenged. I enrolled in the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) through the Columbia Southern University (CSU) just for fulfillment. This reflection assignment exercise proves to be the catalyst for my future college endeavors. The assignment to reflect on DBA program dreamed of taking steps towards realizing those ideas and course accomplishments right now. Due to time some course assignments, I will embrace,

Neoliberalism, A Very Short Introduction Essay - 1360 Words

Neoliberalism, A Very Short Introduction Manfred B. Steger and Ravi. K. Roy Book Review ABSTRACT Neoliberalism a Very Short Introduction, is an excellent and concise presentation of the history and development of neoliberal ideas. During the 1980s and 1990s, the revival of the liberal ideas was known as neoliberal. They spread around the world in a variety of size, forms and colors depending who, where and how implemented them. The Washington Consensus IMF, World Bank supported neoliberal ideas in the name of globalization and free markets, but at the end only benefited the insatiable greed of big financial institutions and multinational corporations. An important part of these paper was dedicated to identify where this†¦show more content†¦On the second revival of liberal ideas, President Clinton and Premier Blair promoted a half way approach to liberal ideas while they incorporated parts of a social progressive agenda associated with the left.5 While Clintons strategy was known as market globalism, Blairs policy was known as Third Way. 6 According to Steger et al, during the his administration President Clinton, †¦undertook some of the most comprehensive deregulatory reforms of the 20th century. For example, the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 removed the legal divisions between commercial and investment banking as well as those between insurance companies and brokerage houses, thus scrapping one of the major Keynesian regulations of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal. The potential dangers of such profound deregulations of the finance sector would not become fully apparent until the global financial crisis of 2008–9.7 On the other hand, Blairs Third Way highlighted †¦global cooperation and consensusbuilding through international institutions. 8 In addition, Blair New Labour ideas were 4 Manfred B. Steger and Ravi K. Roy, Neoliberalism, 21. 5 Ibid, 31-51. 6 Ibid, Preface. 7 Ibid, 61. 8 Ibid, 51. 4 supported by social progress of individual attainment, which translated on the successful development of the private sector.9 Additionally, Blair developed the idea that government responsibility toShow MoreRelatedReducing the Impact of Non-recycled Waste Products Essay example1582 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Waste For Life, a non-for profit organisation consisting of scientists, engineers, educators, architects, artists, designers and cooperatives aim to establish idea that develop poverty-reducing solutions to specific ecological problems. (Baillie Waite, 2014) Waste For Life does not manage projects but effectively facilitates other groups, for example the carteneros in this case. â€Å"With this project, Waste For Life’s twin goals are to reduce the damaging environmental impact of non-recycledRead MoreNeoliberalism and Australia Essay2526 Words   |  11 Pages The role of globalization has had a major influence on society and the world, and this essay will argue it has resulted in cultural homogenization. This can be illustrated through an introduction to globalization, the consolidation of media, ownership and vested interests, world standardization and neoliberalism, politics and the media and public service media. Examining the different views of globalization, including Appadurai and McChesney as well as other sources it can be clearly understoodRead MoreCritique of Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose.1587 Words   |  7 Pagesexchange is a necessary condition for both prosperity and freedom. Carefully examine the assumptions about ‘power, ‘choice and ‘market efficiency that underpin his claim. Give reasons for your agreement or disagreement with him. This essay is a short critique of the theory by Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to choose: A personal statement, focusing on chapter 1. I will argue that Friedman is right in saying, Â… voluntary exchange is a necessary condition for both prosperity and freedom but thatRead MoreIceland : A Small Island Country1945 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Iceland is a small island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean with only 300,000 populations in a country. They had almost no contact and relationship with other countries within 1000 years. However, throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Great changes had taken place in Iceland. The average Icelander became 300% wealthier from 2003 to 2006, and all three of Iceland’s major banks which are Kaupthing, Landsbanki and Glitnir had developed from tiny saving banks in the 1990s to becomeRead MoreCritically Compare and Contrast Modernisation Theory and Neoliberalism1791 Words   |  8 PagesCrCritically Compare and Contrast Modernisation Theory and Neo-Liberalism Introduction The two theories which shall be compared are the modernisation theory and Neo Liberalism. The modernisation theory is a market oriented development theory which states that low income countries can develop economically if they give up their traditional ways which often can be dated back centuries and take on more modern economic principles, technologies and cultural values which comprise of an emphasis on productiveRead MoreImpact of Micro-Finance on Economic Development Essay3752 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction In both developing and emerging economies, microfinance has vastly and increasingly been seen as one of the most important means for enhancing the lives of the poor and therefore a major tool for economic and social development mostly in rural areas. Lately, contrary to this widespread belief, critics have raised eyebrows against this growing popularity of microfinance as a major tool for enhancing economic development. Contrary to belief, they are of the opinion that microfinance isRead MoreThe Creation Of The World Bank1999 Words   |  8 Pagesprivatization and foreign direct investment have been a detriment to these countries. What needs to be done now is a shift away from these policies to allow restoration in African economies through fair and equal participation in the world market. Because neoliberalism emphasizes the private control of state owned enterprises it creates a system of an exploitative nature. As of now, the question remains for African societies: At whose expen se do developed nations continue to grow? Works Cited Bennell, PaulRead MoreThe Primary Goal of a Firm Has Been Held Out to Be Shareholder Wealth Maximization Which Translates to Maximizing Stock Prices. in Light of This Statement, Do You Think Firms Have Any Responsibility to Society?2898 Words   |  12 Pagesresponsibility to society? BY Akanji Emmanuel olusegun BSU/MS/MBA/08/3104 FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) BENUE STATE UNIVERSITY MAKURDI. AUGUST,2010 1.0 Introduction: The fundamental economic role of business is to make profit and to maximize shareholders wealth. Therefore, this primary objective is carried out in the society. Firms Operations are not performed in a vacuum but in an environment. Business OrganizationsRead MorePrecarious Employment2344 Words   |  10 Pagespeople are confronted with the difficulties of negotiating a labour market that is precarious and exploitative. There are major difficulties of entry, especially into full-time work in the formal and informal waged economic spheres. Introduction This essay will discuss why young people are two to three times more likely than adults to find themselves unemployed and why the problem is rapidly growing in almost every region of the world. Although young people today are the most educatedRead MoreEconomic Systems : How Do They Succeed Or Fail? Essay2910 Words   |  12 PagesEconomic Systems: How do they succeed or fail? I - Introduction Throughout history, the world has seen the emergence of different economic systems, inspired by some of the brightest minds in the economic field. However, not all economic systems functioned as depicted by their creators, and ended up failing. In this paper, I am going to analyze how every economic system failed or succeeded in a particular set of countries, according to the criterion used and explained in the previous paper. To do

Corporate Finance for Federal Reserve Bank -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Finance for Federal Reserve Bank. Answer: Depicting how discount rate is derived and evaluating its significance in relation to other factors Discount rate is mainly identified as the moral interest that is used by commercial and other financial depositories for loans received from Federal Reserve Bank. The discounting rate directly indicates the relevant interest rate, which could be used for identifying the discounted cash flow. The main factors and benefits that could be portrait by the discount rate is relevant evaluation of an investment opportunity. Discounting rate is directly used by companies for identifying the overall future cash flows value in present time. This directly helps the management to meet adequate investment decisions, which could in turn generate the required level of income and stability within the organisation. Jarmolowicz et al. (2014) mentioned that evaluation of adequate discounting rate directly allows the organisation to identify the benefits that could be provided by different investment and choose the most appropriate investment opportunity. Evaluating the alternatives for depicting the effect on price per share and shareholders wealth: Dividend payment Value Share price $ 116.00 Expenses $ 13,325.00 outstanding shares 5,125 Alternative share price $ 113.40 Alternative share price $ 113.40 Dividend $ 2.60 Shareholder's wealth $ 116.00 Share repurchase Value Expenses $ 13,325.00 Number of share repurchase 115 Share price $ 116.00 Shareholder's wealth $ 116.00 From the overall evaluation alternative share price is mainly at $113.40, while the shareholder wealth is mainly at $116. On the other hand, using share repurchase could eventually make the share price constant, where both share price and shareholder wealth will be at $116. Depicting the EPS and PER of Mustangs under two different scenarios: Dividend payment Value Alternative share price $ 113.40 EPS $ 4.25 P/E ratio 26.68 Share repurchase Value EPS $ 4.25 outstanding shares 5,125 Number of share repurchase 115 Actual outstanding shares 5,010 New EPS $ 4.35 Share price $ 116.00 New EPS $ 4.35 P/E 26.68 Depicting in real world scenario the actions that could be recommended: From the evaluation of both scenarios share buyback is not recommended for you would purposes, as it directly reduces the overall cash availability of the company while declining the number of circulated shares. On the other hand, dividend payment is one of the reliable opportunities that could be conducted by the company. However, share buyback would eventually increase demand for the company while decreasing its capability to acquire more projects. From the overall evaluation dividend payment is mainly considered to be one of the most viable actions, which is conducted by the company. Hence, the dividend payment needs to be conducted by the company. Discussing whether companys dividend policy is not as important as its capital structure policy: The statement indicating that company's dividend policy is not as adequate as company's capital structure policies is relatively adequate. The companies with strong capital structure are mainly able to generate the required level of income by investing in adequate projects. This could eventually help in providing relevant dividends by the company as they have strong capital structure to support the dividend expense. Companies with dividend policy could eventually end up losing the required level of capital for expansion and growth process. Therefore, it is important for companies to increase their capital structure and generate the required level of profits from operations. Travlos, Trigeorgis and Vafeas (2015) mentioned that the use of adequate capital structure policy could eventually help in strengthening the financial capability of the organisation, while improving its ability to compensate and acquire more projects, which could help in attaining sustainable growth. Depicting the process and amount by which increment in income could be conducted without increasing the risk: Helena's Health Food Earnings before interest 20,000 Market value of debt 58,000 Kd 5.50% Ke 13% Market value of equity 143,818 Actual Total market value 201,818 Equilibrium value 181,818 WACC 5.32% Investment 2,876.36 Expected increment in income 152.93 Total amount received 3,029.29 Depicting the potential advantage and disadvantage to a companys owner for increasing proportion of debt in capital market: There is relevant advantage for increasing debt in an organisation, as it might help in reducing the overall tax expenses and increasing the retained income of the organisation. The relative use of debt could eventually help in fixing the overall expenses that needs to be conducted by the company for acquiring the capital to complete their endeavours. However, there are limitations of using excessive debt, as it increases the overall insolvency condition of the organisation. Moreover, the use of debt could also increase the interest payments, which might claw into the profits of the organisation (Graeber and Piketty 2014). Depicting how much has Connor made or lost: Particulars Value 90 day future contract 93.67 Close out position value 92.46 Face value 1,000,000 Contract number 5 Actual investment 468,350,000 Close out position 462,300,000 Loss in transaction (6,050,000) Depicting how much has Milly made or lost in total: Particulars Value 10-year bond futures 94.69 Close out position value 96.02 Face value 100,000 Contract number 2 Actual investment 18,937,000 Close out position 19,204,000 Profit in transaction 267,000 Depicting how much has Michelle made or lost in total: Particulars Value SPI 200 futures 5,350.00 Close out position value 5,480.00 1 Contract number 5 Actual investment 26,750 Close out position 27,400 Profit in transaction 650 Explaining the determinants of future prices and factors that might cause future market price at maturity to be different from the spot market prices: The key determinants of the future prices can be identified from the volatility in capital market. The relevant changes in the future prices if due the continuous shift in the demand and supply of shares. In addition, the factors that might cause the future market price at maturity to be different from spot prices are the continuous trading from investors, changes in volatility, and demand perception of investors. These factors mainly result in the difference in spot and future prices of stocks (Rezende and Richardson 2015). Calculating theoretical value of a right to one new share: Particulars Value Share price 24.00 Subscription price 21.10 Issue 4.00 Number of shares required 1.00 Value of the right in cents 1.45 Calculating ex-rights price and the amount of right per share: Particulars Value Share price 24.00 Subscription price 21.10 Issue 4.00 Value of introduced shares 84.40 Market value of 5 shares 108.40 Therefore theoretical ex-right share value 21.68 Depicting what will happen if subscription price was $26: If the overall subscription price was $26, while the shares were trading in the market for the value of $24, then there will be no buyers for the stock. This is mainly demand and supply concept, were the overall subscription needs to be lower than market prices, as it will instigate the investors to opt for the issued shares. Depicting the minimum possible subscription price: According to theory, the minimum possible subscription price, which could be provided by the company, needs to be greater than $0. Discuss if company conducts share issue then overall value of investors shareholding is reduced: The relevant investment is only true if investor does not take part in the right issue, which could in turn affects its overall shareholding in the company. In addition, the increment in shares would eventually raise the overall supply, while demand among investors would remain unchanged. This could directly result in declining share value and affect shareholding of the investor. Gielens et al. (2017)mentioned that share price of the company is mainly derived from the rising demand and supply of shares in the market. Describing and evaluating the range of agency relationships that exist for an incorporated entity, while describing the extent to which value is incorporated in the entity: Agency relationship is one of the essential factors that allow the organisation to work smoothly, as it helps in controlling the old activities of the organisation. Agency relationship is integrated in operations and existence of a corporate entity, as it helps the organisation to effectively conduct its daily operations. The range of agency relationships starts from the production facility, while moving towards office, sales and representative facilities of the organisation. The organisations without the help of agency relationship are not able to improve productivity, as it helps in smoothing their daily operations. Bodie (2013) mentioned that managers of an organisation are mainly responsible for building relationship with the workers, which could help in smoothly finishing the production capacity of the organisation. Agency relationship directly indicates that all the managers have to act according to the duties without pursuing their personal interest. This Agency relationship mainly allows the organisation to conduct all the relevant activities that is needed for improving their overall productivity. The agency relationship is mainly identified as legal right or authority that is provided by the organisation to personal in the management for controlling its overall activities. Use of agency theory directory allows the organisation to accumulate relevant individuals, which could help in conducting its operations. In addition, the agency theory directly acts on behalf of the organisation as a third party, All the relevant dealings and creating a fiduciary relationship. Hoenen and Kostova (2015) stated that agency relationship can be conducted on both oral and written form, where adequate person needs to be selected for the job. On the other hand, Hannafey and Vitulano (2013) argued that without a dequate check the overall agents could use manipulator and unethical measures in acquiring wealth and reducing productivity of the organisation. The identified agents of an organisation could adequately increase both sales and productivity of the company. The incorporated organisations have relevant management and directors were responsible for making relevant decisions. However, due to increased operations the managers need to appoint relevant representatives such as agent, which could take relevant decisions on behalf of the company. Without the help of agency relationship organisations will not be able to expand and grow, as minor decisions needs to be conducted by a relevant representatives of the organisation (Pepper and Gore 2015). In addition, companies with agent relationship are able to increase the operation is capability, as the agents conduct dealing on behalf of the organisation References and Bibliographies: Bodie, Z., 2013.Investments. McGraw-Hill. Gielens, K., Geyskens, I., Deleersnyder, B. and Nohe, M., 2017. The New Regulator in Town: The Effect of Walmart's Sustainability Mandate on Supplier Shareholder Value.Journal of Marketing. Graeber, D. and Piketty, T., 2014. Soak the Rich: An exchange on capital, debt, and the future.The Baffler, (25), pp.148-154. Hannafey, F.T. and Vitulano, L.A., 2013. Ethics and executive coaching: An agency theory approach.Journal of business ethics,115(3), pp.599-603. Hoenen, A.K. and Kostova, T., 2015. Utilizing the broader agency perspective for studying headquarterssubsidiary relations in multinational companies.Journal of International Business Studies,46(1), pp.104-113. Jarmolowicz, D.P., Cherry, J.B.C., Reed, D.D., Bruce, J.M., Crespi, J.M., Lusk, J.L. and Bruce, A.S., 2014. Robust relation between temporal discounting rates and body mass.Appetite,78, pp.63-67. Pepper, A. and Gore, J., 2015. Behavioral agency theory: New foundations for theorizing about executive compensation.Journal of management,41(4), pp.1045-1068. Pradhan, R.S., Shrestha, R., Bhandari, S., Limbu, P., Acharya, R. and Maharjan, S., 2016. Impact of firm capital structure decisions on debt agency problem: Evidence for Nepal.Nepalese Journal of Finance,3(1), pp.1-12. Rezende, M.L. and Richardson, J.W., 2015. Economic feasibility of sugar and ethanol production in Brazil under alternative future prices outlook.Agricultural Systems,138, pp.77-87. Travlos, N.G., Trigeorgis, L. and Vafeas, N., 2015. Shareholder wealth effects of dividend policy changes in an emerging stock market: The case of Cyprus.

Muslim Vs. Muslim Essays - Monotheistic Religions, Islam, Haram

Muslim Vs. Muslim It may seem similar and it may not, but what we do know, is that they both believe that they are Muslims. The Islamic beliefs of the black American male and the males of the Middle East are the same. My argument lies in the question of whether or not Africans can call themselves true Muslims, believers and followers of the Islamic faith. To be considered a true Muslim you must follow the rules and regulations of the Islamic faith. What is Islam? Islam is defined as the complete acceptance of and obedience to the teachings of Allah (I. A. Ibrahim 45) As a Muslim you are to believe in Allah, who is incomparable. He has no son nor does he have a partner, he is unique and he is one. You shall not worship, magnify, or pay tribute to any other, for all others are false. Yet we see otherwise in Africans who call themselves Muslims. In John S. Mbiti's book, Introduction to African Religion he states traditional African beliefs mixes those of Islam to suit the requirements of the people concerned so they get the best out of both religions (188-189). How can one say such a thing? To believe in something is to fight for it, is to die for it. You can not get the best of a religion if you do not fully believe in it. You should not adopt the way of dress and some other cultural forms (Mbiti 189), just to suite a community. Religion is something that is held dear to the heart of many people and to mix and mingle them does not allow you to truly believe in one. When you convert to a religion it is not to convert halfway, it is not to convert three- fourths of the way, but to convert all the way. It is stated that even if Africans convert to another religion, they do not completely abandon the traditional religions (Mbiti 14) Here we see that the first real defiance has already occur. By mixing the two would not you be doing an injustice to the true believers of the Islamic faith and defying Allah the leader of the Islamic faith. in addition, are you not doing an injustice to the rites and rituals to the Gods, Spirits, and Divinities of the African religion? How can you please the leader/leaders of these separate religions if you are not even following them fully with your heart, mind, body and soul? I can not see how you can be a true religious follower or worshiper of any sort if you do not believe with all of you. If we look at the Hausas of the Habe kingdom in northern Africa we can see despite their nominal adherence to Islam, they continue to practice spirit possession and animal sacrifice. They eat pork, let their women appear in public unveiled, engage in prohibited degrees of marriage, and practical matrilineal inheritance (Ray 179) Islamic practices set strict standard and regulations that Muslims must follow. It is without a doubt that the Hausas have sin. They knowingly and continuously practice what is Al-Haram. Al-Haram is something that is unlawful or prohibited. As we have witnessed it is without a doubt, a sin to worship any other, but Allah. Furthermore, they commited and engaged in five more sins against the Islamic creed. It is Haram (strictly prohibited) to eat flesh of dead animals, that died of natural causes or had been strangled, beaten, or partly eaten by a wild beast (Elmastry 78). Animals must also be slaughtered by a sharp object so that the animals are able to bleed from their blood vessels. It is also Haram to eat any swine, pork of any sort. Before being slaughtered Allah's name must be mention for giving such bounty (Elmastry 78). It is Haram for woman to wear clothes that is transparent and body tight, they are also to have their body covered, leaving only their hands and face to be seen (Elmastry 79). It is also Haram for men to take any of their wive's money or property before you marry, during the marriage and after marriage. It is solely the mans responsibility to

Christmas party Essay Example

Christmas party Essay Example Christmas party Essay Christmas party Essay This style of management suggests a strong direction in the tasks since the manager informs each associate exactly what their task is, leading to a faster rate of work. Also, there is no opportunity for the associate to choose what job roles they want to do, unlike with the Laissez-Faire style where all power goes to the employee, meaning they get to decide what job roles they want to do. However, the manager assigning job roles can result in poor motivation to work effectively in the task, since they get a task that they may find tedious and fatigue. For example, some of my team colleagues complain to me about the number of hours they have been assigned to do fitting room duty, which can be tiresome as associates have to stand up and wait for customers to come before they can do anything. As a result, the democratic style of management would be more appropriate for this situation (A management format that favours their employees). This way, each associate will be assigned a task that they would like to do. So employees, who may not be enthusiastic in working in the fitting rooms, can have his or her job role replaced by an employee who does, leading to an enhancement of productivity levels in the workplace. However, according to Likerts theory of four systems, the authoritative system which defines the authoritarian style of management, suggests that authoritative managers adopt this style because they believe that their subordinates are recognised and praised through the good work they have done. This suggests that this management system is motivating in the long run, when hard work pays off for the associate and is rewarded with praise, also smoothing interaction between the associate and manager. As a result, it may not be necessary for the manager to adopt a democratic decisional character to encourage employees to work effectively. Democratic This is the style of management where managers seek the perspectives and opinions of the employees before making a decision. This is as revealed by my personal experiences  This is the current style of management at TK Maxx. There was one shift I did when I was uncertain of a department number and where the department was located, and needed to know because I was returning stock misplaced by customers. This de-motivated me and reduced my productivity levels. As a result, my manager saw this and told me not to hesitate to ask anytime I am unsure of something in the workplace. After, I was able to work quickly and effectively. It can be deduced that a democratic format of managing can help to motivate employees. This is since they are happy to help employees and inform them again and again of what exactly their task is anytime they hesitate. With the manager being able to talk with the employee and solve their problem based on the task, this suggests a two-way communication between managers and employees, unlike the authoritarian rule, where there is only communication once the objectives have been set for the employees. Eventually this will lead to the development of manger-employee relationships, meaning that employees will be more willing to carry out tasks on the command of the democratic manager (hence motivation). At one meeting (in the winter season) where almost all the associates working in the store were present, the manager announced that TK Maxx is rewarding their associates with a Christmas party. Everyone was then asked to vote where they wanted the venue of the party to be held.  As a result, the democratic system of management may enhance morale through opportunities for associates to contribute unique ideas for the Christmas party and get approval. However, with too many people being involved in the Christmas party decision making process, it can be time consuming which can de-motivate employees due to tediousness. Also, it could further lead to disputes among team members with opposing views. The current manager at TK Maxx has a very friendly personality. He has a very good sense of humour, which keeps me and my team colleagues amused, and helps to maintain a positive atmosphere in the workplace. He also shows concern for his employees. For example, when I am not doing something properly in the workplace, he acknowledges and shows me the right way. As a result, according to the continuum-based theory, the managers personality type matches their management style, and it can be deduced that the current manager is of a democratic style. This suggests that the manager is sticking to a type of management that he can specialise in (i.e. democratic due to his personality), to motivate his employees. Therefore, there may be a need to stick to personality relevant management format, rather than adopting different management styles required by different situations (hence contingency management theory).

Introducing LinkedIns New Home and Profile Pages

Introducing LinkedIns New Home and Profile Pages On Thursday, December 11th, LinkedIn ® started rolling out its latest Home and Profile page design changes. For those of you who arent yet seeing the redesign when you log in, you can email LinkedIn ® to get a sneak peak at SeeNewHP@linkedin.com. Home Page Across the top of your Home page you will now enjoy instant access to the most important information regarding your account, including a quick link to your profile page, your stats and your Keep in Touch feed. Directly below this section, you will find the latest news and updates from Pulse. You can even sort your Pulse feed by the most popular or most recent. You will then see your regular feed of activity from your groups and connections, aesthetically revamped for quick connection identification, content preview, following, joining and connecting. Throughout your news feed you will notice suggestions by LinkedIn ® regarding connections you might like to make and jobs that might interest you. Profile LinkedIn has updated all profile pages to automatically appear in edit mode when accessed by the owner of the profile. After all, when we visit our own profile page, it is usually to make edits, so LinkedIn ® is saving us a step! To see your profile the way a connection would see it, click the View profile as button. In this view, you will notice a new option at the top of the page. Similar to Google+ or Facebook, you can choose to view your profile as a connection or non-connection (or a connection who is not logged into LinkedIn ®) would. LinkedIns suggestions for including additional sections are now located directly below the top portion of your profile. This information used to appear in the right-hand column in Edit Profile mode. Old: New: Your notification setting are also now available in the right-hand column so that changes to your profile can easily be hidden or shared with your network with the click of a button. Note the redesigned sections. For example, Recommendations no longer have 2 access points, but one. Old: (Profile mode) (Profile Edit mode) New: LinkedIns new streamlined design was created to enhance our experience as members and will likely be further enhanced in the future based on our response to these updates. I hope you enjoy the new changes. They are certainly presenting challenges to me as the author of a book about LinkedIn ®! But look for updates in the 11th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn ® Profile, still slated for release in January! Save Save

Tidball's Category of Churches (Discussion) Assignment

Tidball's Category of Churches (Discussion) - Assignment Example Indeed these classifications of church made by Tidball (2008) bears some substance because their existence has confirmed their legitimacy. The main theme of his book is to lay emphasis on the importance of church in mission today as well as ministry today. In the present times, various churches have become endangered due to their dispersed geographical location around the world. Not all cultures are welcoming and may show hostility towards church expansion or ministry work. In any case, the functioning of a ministry is greatly impacted by the culture in which it operates. Culture is an important factor when considering how a ministry operates in a particular environment. The cultural context plays a dominant role because churches operating in different circumstances and settings are characterized by a specific pattern of functionality. This pattern of operation may be distinct in many cases and thus, culturally driven churches are likely to have a different model of working. What Tidball (2008) has tried to communicate is that the cultural context is significant in determining the specific model being followed in a particular church. The endangered church is widely reflected in the Epistle of Jude and 2 Peter. Similarly, references of a despised church and compromised church are present in 1 Peter and John’s letters respectively. Tidball (2008) has explored ministry quite extensively as they are referenced in the New Testament. Tidball (2008) has laos considered the cultural and environmental context in which they operated where they sometimes involved an unwelcoming atmosphere. The main point which Tidball (2008) has tried to explain is that ministry work should be guided by the gospels and the New Testament. The New testament contains a wide range of cultural environments where churches operated during a particular period of time. Hence,

Starbucks Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Starbucks Company - Research Paper Example The Company’s mission is to â€Å"inspire and nature the human spirit-one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time.† The company has dedicated itself to serving people with the best coffee that the prevailing market can possibly offer. Starbucks’ main goal is to ensure that all their coffee is grown and natured under high quality standards, which they realize through the use of ethical sourcing practices. The intended suppliers of the company’s coffee personally tour its coffee firms in Africa, Asia and Latin America in order to select arabica beans of highest quality. Once the buyers have selected the beans, they are brought to the company’s roasting plants where experts bring out the rich flavor and balance of the beans via Starbucks Roast TM signature. Starbucks is committed to conducting its business responsibly and conducting themselves in ways that earn their partners, customers and neighbors respect and trust (â€Å"Starbucks Company P rofile†). The purpose of this paper is to describe how Starbucks Company uses the four management functions: Planning, organizing, influencing and controlling to achieve its goals. Starbucks Planning function Effective planning helps an organization in achieving its goals and objectives. The process often commences with the reviewing of the organization’s current operations and identifying the loopholes that need to be operationally improved. As such, planning encompasses the envisioning of the outcomes to be achieved by the organization and the necessary steps for achieving desired success. Success is often measured in terms of goals or financial terms including high rating of the organization based on the satisfaction of their customers. All businesses including Starbucks require a plan in order to grow and survive in their respective industries. Plans are significant in guiding Starbucks to accomplish its desired goals and objectives. The planning process is an essen tial element of an organization’s performance as it helps a business and its managers in determining processes needed to achieve the goals of the company. In any competitive industry, it is difficult to encounter businesses as frequently as is the case with Starbucks. The Starbucks Company has retails located in each and every street corner, a factor that places its retail shops right at the doorsteps of its customers. This makes it extremely convenient for consumers to buy a cup of coffee at a premium price while home, at the office or out for a fun day. The company’s functional plan organized along with its business plan has helped it to achieve a near monopoly in the coffee industry. Executive managers and company employees work hand in hand to ensure their customers are satisfied. Starbucks does not only train its employees on the hard production skills, but also on the soft skills on how best to interact with the customers and other stakeholders. Soft skills are s uch as donning an inviting smile or creating a friendly eye contact with the potential customers. In terms of legendary service, the Company remembers its regular customers and their preferred drinks. Starbucks is a service oriented companies that ensures a high degree of customer contact and visibility. It is of great significance for the company to continue training their employees with the sole aim of perfecting their service to both casual and regular customers since it is

Stirling sports Essay Example for Free

Stirling sports Essay Stirling Sports opened their first Store on Dominion Road in Auckland in 1964. The first Stirling Sports franchises were awarded in 1983 after Stirling Sports had invested almost 20 years in developing the best sports retail stores in New Zealand. Stirling Sports Dunedin’s mission statements asserts, ‘The Dunedin community speaks positively about their Stirling Sport experience’. Their logo is ‘We love our sport’, an apt summary of the passion held by management and staff for their products, service and the specialist knowledge they provide. Stirling Sports is the one of the New Zealand leading retailers of sporting goods. Stirling Sports has a huge range of sports clothing and mens and womens shoes, supporter gear and more. In 2004, Russell and Sue became aware of an opportunity to purchase the Stirling Sports Dunedin area franchise and made the decision to buy within a week. Since they originated from the Otago region, this was an opportunity ‘to come home’. After some negotiation they successfully acquired the franchise and began to determine how best to manage the two operations. After some deliberation, the  decision was made that Sue would move to Dunedin and manage that store, while Russell continued to manage the Kapiti store. Russell and Sue decided to buy the franchise with the existing staff at the Dunedin store. The store had to become profitable, so changes needed to be made. However, the change in structure and process did not suit everyone and staff left. Previously, the store had been managed from Auckland, so some having the manager on-site was very different from the previous management style. Stirling Sports adopts marketing strategies based on the seasonal nature of  various sports, student population migration during semester and holiday periods, public holidays and festive seasons Christmas is one of the biggest financial periods with equipment, clothing and shoes being in demand for Christmas gifts. In-store specials, glossy flyers, and newspaper and radio advertising are all useful means of marketing their products to all of their customer segments. The March/April period is the second-largest cash-flow period with the beginning of winter sports, such as rugby, soccer, netball, volleyball and basketball, traditionally boosting sales. September/October is also a peak period, with the focus particularly on fitness and getting ‘back into shape’ after the ravages of winter lifestyle choices. Sports such as cricket, tennis and softball also begin which may require the purchase of new equipment, uniforms and speciality footwear. Many sports are now played all year round, which is beneficial in maintaining an acceptable level of monthly sales in addition to seasonal cash-flow peaks. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://STIRLINGSPORTS. CO. NZ Rebel Sport is a well known brand name throughout New Zealand and Australia.Until 2006, Rebel had no big-box sports competitor, prompting the use of the well-known slogan No ones got more sports gear. However, Lane Walker Rudkin, owners of sports franchise Stirling Sports, have announced plans to launch several large format stores across the country, beginning with a store in Christchurch, which opened in mid-2006. This followed the collapse of a deal between Briscoe Group and LWR a year earlier, which would have seen Briscoe buyout the Stirling franchise. Since Stirlings big box launch, Rebel has dropped their original slogan, which has been replaced with Lets Play, backed by a new marketing campaign which targets a wider audience from the traditional club-orientated team sport audience. The company is also continuing their aggressive expansion programme, launching several smaller-format stores such as Napier and Taupo to allow branches to reach further into provincial areas. Briscoe Group. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 15, 2014 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Briscoe_Group The latest retail customer satisfaction report for New Zealand from research organisation Roy Morgan Research reveals that Rebel Sport has emerged as the sports store with the highest percentage of satisfied customers. Rebel came in at at 82. 0 percent for the 12 months to December 2009 (up 4. 4 percent points from the 12 months to December ‘08). Stirling Sports was third with 77. 5 percent (down 2. 9 percent from the same period). â€Å"The category as a whole has performed below the average for all non-food stores. It seems all sports stores need to close the gap in improving their levels of satisfaction. † Sports Link. Sporting Goods Outdoor Retailing. (May 17, 2010). Retrieved from http://www. mysportslink. net/rebel-sport-leads-the-way-cms-837.

Essay --

Joseph J. Ellis is a known historian of early American history, and an award-winning author. In 2001, he won the Pulitzer Prize in History for his book Founding Brothers. Ellis has authored several other history books about the Revolutionary generation, including: The Character and Legacy of John Adams; American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic; His Excellency: George Washington; and many more. Ellis earned his B.A. from the College of William and Mary in 1965. He then received a Master of Arts, a Master of Philosophy, and a PhD from Yale University. Ellis is also a regular contributor to several notable publications including The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The New Yorker. His Excellency: George Washington was published in 2004, Ellis intended to seek the major periods of Washington's life in order to offer a profile of the man "first in War, first in Peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." Ellis sta tes that his goal in writing His Excellency was to not produce a work that examined not George Washington's life, but his personality and how his life shaped it. Ellis focuses on very specific questions here, namely how George Washington’s character influenced his public decisions, and how he came to be the symbol of not just American leadership but, earlier, of the entire Revolutionary cause. He traces Washington's life from his youthful, energetic, impulsive military decisions and a string of near-catastrophic mistakes, to his later, steady leadership of the fledgling American republic. Ellis demonstrates the parts of Washington's character such as his ability to turn down offered powers, which then he turns into not just his own personal success bu... ...uccessful in his initial strategy for the War of Independence, losing almost every engagement fought against the British and their Prussian allies. He serves throughout the entire war unharmed by bullet, blade, or bomb, seemingly lucky or perhaps protected by divine providence. The colonists are joined by France and win a critical battle at Saratoga, New York. Overall 8 long years would pass and the Continental Army would suffer from disease (smallpox), lack of supplies, low morale, and no pay before finally striking the winning blow at Yorktown, Virginia against General Cornwallis. Washington, weary and much aged from the years of battles and deprivation, he then â€Å"retired† to his landholdings and slave labor estates. Despite his previous withdrawal from public life Washington accepts the Presidency when elected and cements his legacy as the â€Å"father of our country.†